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Forest plot of LEMS using standardized mean difference analysis between robotic and control groups. The square box represents the mean differences for the respective study, while the horizontal line is the 95% CI. The diamonds represent pooled results. Hornby et al., 2005 [22]; Wirz et al., 2005 [23]; Field et al., 2011 [24]; Alcobendas et al., 2012 [25]; Aach et al., 2014 [26]; Labruyère et al., 2014 [28]; Shin et al., 2014 [30]; Watanabe et al., 2019 [36].
