Table 2.
DNA methylation patterns linked to MNA NB.
| Gene | Role | Methylation Status in MNA NB | Expression in MNA NB | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABCB1, CACNA1G, CD44, DUSP23, PRDM2, RBP1, CHD5, NTRK1, KRT19, PRPH, CNR1, QPCT, ASIC2, RGS5 | Involved in NB-relevant aberrant methylation | Hypermethylation | Decreased | [48] |
| CASP8 | Cell apoptosis | Hypermethylation | Decreased | [46,47,49,58] |
| CASR | Calcium-sensing receptor | Hypermethylation | Decreased | [59] |
| CD44 | Glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, adhesion, and migration | Hypermethylation | Silenced | [54,60] |
|
CXCR4, GAL, LRRN1, ODC1, TWIST1, WHSC1 DDX43, PRAME, TEX14, TMEM108, NEK2, NPY |
Involved in biology of aggressive NB | Hypomethylation | Increased | [48] |
| DNAJC15, NTRK1, PYCARD | Candidate biomarker genes | Hypermethylation | Decreased | [61] |
| DUSP2, TP73, JAK2, MGMT, HPN, RB1, TDGF1 | Relevant roles in cancer biology | Hypermethylation | Increased/Decreased | [62] |
| MIR34B, MIR34C MIR124-2 | MiR-34b-3p, miR-34b-5p, miR-34c-5p, and miR-124-2-3p are tumor suppressors | Hypermethylation | Decreased | [31,63,64] |
| NR4A3 | Critical gene for neuronal development | Hypomethylation | Decreased | [52] |
| NXPH1, SOX2-OT, DLX5, TFAP2D, CAVIN3, VAX2, TERT, HHEX, KRT19, RNF207, MIRLET7BHG, CHRNE, DLX6-AS1, TMCO3 | 14 highly methylated genes in MNA NB | Hypermethylation | [50] | |
| PCDHB family | Cell–cell neural connection | Methylation | Unknown | [48] |
| RASSF family | Tumor suppressor proteins | Hypermethylation | Decreased/absent | [47] |
| TFAP2B | Transcription factor, expression associated with low-risk NB | Methylation | Decreased | [65] |
| ZAR1 | Ovary-specific maternal factor | Hypermethylation | Increased | [66] |
| ZNF206 | Transcription factor regulating embryonic stem cell gene expression and differentiation | Hypomethylation | Unknown | [67] |
| 291 genes | Candidate differentially methylated regions unique to NB subgroup associated with MNA | [57] |