Table 4.
MYCN-related miRNAs and their function in NB.
| miRNA | Expression in MNA NB | Associated Function | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| let-7 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Controls sympathetic neurogenesis; promotes neuronal differentiation | [29,99,100] |
| miR-7 | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Involved in cortical development and embryonic stem cell differentiation | [101,102] |
| miR-9 | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Regulates neurogenesis (neuronal migration and differentiation) | [88,103] |
| miR-15a-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Antiangiogenic in the brain | [90,104] |
| miR-15b-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [90] |
| miR-16-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Antiangiogenic in the brain | [90,104] |
| miR-17-5p | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Master regulator of neurogenesis in both developmental and adult brains | [29,105] |
| miR-19a-3p | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Enriched in NPCs and downregulated during neuronal development in the adult hippocampus | [29,106] |
| miR-19b-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Enriched in NPCs and downregulated during neuronal development in the adult hippocampus | [106,107] |
| miR-20a-5p | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Inhibits cyclin D1 level, involved in differentiation and proliferation of cortical progenitors | [29,108] |
| miR-26a | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Regulates neural differentiation | [92,109] |
| miR-29 (miR-29a-3p, miR-29b-3p, miR-29c) | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Inhibits apoptotic neural death by targeting the proapoptotic protein BCL2 | [49,101,110] |
| miR-34a | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Regulates neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation | [31,64,111] |
| miR-34c-5p | Upregulated/Downregulated | Oncogenic/Tumor suppressor. Regulates neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation | [29,31,64,112] |
| miR-93-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Maintenance/proliferation/differentiation of NSCs; downregulated in mature neurons | [29,113] |
| miR-98-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [114] |
| miR-101-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in neuronal plasticity | [91,115] |
| miR-106a-5p | Upregulated | Oncogenic | [116] |
| miR-106b-5 | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Involved in NSC proliferation and differentiation | [96,117] |
| miR-107 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in differentiation of neuronal cells; interacts with dicer to control the biogenesis of miR-9 | [32,118] |
| miR-124-2-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in neuronal identity; regulates adult neurogenesis | [63,119] |
| miR-145-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Crucial for fate determination of neurons | [120,121] |
| miR-183 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Regulates sensory neurons | [74,122] |
| miR-184 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation | [85,123] |
| miR-193b-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [124] |
| miR-200b-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Controls postnatal forebrain neurogenesis | [32,125] |
| miR-202 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [33] |
| miR-204 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in adult somatic stem cell maintenance | [97,126] |
| miR-335-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Implicated in self-renewal of NSCs via inhibition of the p53 signaling pathway | [127,128] |
| miR-380-5p | Upregulated | Oncogenic | [129] |
| miR-421 | Upregulated | Oncogenic. Involved in NSC self-renewal via the PINK1/HDAC3/FOXO3 axis | [89,130] |
| miR-449 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Essential for brain development; a key regulator of mitotic spindle orientation during neurogenesis | [131,132] |
| miR-488-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [29] |
| miR-497 | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [133] |
| miR-542-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in neural development and astrogliogenesis differentiation | [29,134] |
| miR-542-5p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor. Involved in neural development and astrogliogenesis differentiation | [29,134] |
| miR-628-3p | Downregulated | Tumor suppressor | [135] |