Figure 1.

Effect of microorganisms on the host response to drugs. This depiction illustrates the distinction between four key concepts: pharmacomicrobiomics, toxicomicrobiomics, pharmacoecology, and drug–infection interaction. Pharmacomicrobiomics focuses on how variations in the microbiome affect drug disposition, action, and toxicity. Toxicomicrobiomics, meanwhile, explores the influence of the microbiome on drug metabolism and toxicity. Meanwhile, pharmacoecology focuses on the modifications in the microbiome that result from drug administration. Finally, drug–infection interaction investigates the impact of pathogenic microorganisms on drug response.