Figure 4.

Multiple levels of meta-omics that can be used in pharmacomicrobiomics studies. In pharmacomicrobiomics, various meta-omic techniques can be applied. Firstly, metagenomics is crucial for identifying the microbial genome. This technique can be complemented with metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics, enabling the understanding of expression levels and the proteins that the microbiome produces in the presence of drugs. An analysis of protein expression provides insights into the proteins used by microorganisms to metabolize, transport, and accumulate drugs. Additionally, it helps clarify how the microbiota interacts with its environment, including other microorganisms. The image does not overlook factors that could influence the independent variable, which, in this case, corresponds to drug administration. In pharmacomicrobiomic studies, monitoring and controlling variables that could alter the microbiota are essential. This allows for a more precise attribution of any changes in the microbial community to the effect of the drug.