Table 1.

Summary of the characteristics of the included studies.

Characteristic	Cross-Sectional Studies	Prospective Cohort Studies
Number of reports	5	7
Study location	Iran (1), United States (4)	China (1), Japan (1), the Netherlands (1), Spain (1), the United Kingdom (1), The United States (2)
Sample size (range)	1159 (98 to 38,981)	24,601 (401 to 79,904)
Baseline age (range)	46.8 y (18 to 98 y)	54.7 y (20 to 76 y)
Duration (range)	N/A	12 y (1 to 24 y)
Dietary assessment method	FFQ (2), 24-h recall (1), Food Record (1), Survey (1)	FFQ (6), 24-h recall (1)
Outcome assessment method	Conducted by investigators (3), self-reported (2)	Confirmed or conducted by investigators (7)

Data are presented as median (range) or number of cohorts. FFQ = food frequency questionnaire; N/A = not applicable.