Table 1.
Participant characteristics by sarcopenia and diabetes groups.
| Men | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables (Unit) | Sarcopenic Diabetes a
(n = 126) |
Sarcopenia Alone b
(n = 458) |
Diabetes Alone c
(n = 135) |
Non-Sarcopenia and Non-Diabetes d (n = 552) |
K-W Test | |||||
| Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | H-Value | p-Value | |
| Age (year) | 72.0 | (69.0–75.0) c,d | 73.0 | (69.0–76.0) c,d | 69.0 | (67.0–73.0) a,b | 70.0 | (67.0–74.0) a,b | 66.7 | <0.01 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.0 | (114.0–145.0) | 129.0 | (117.0–141.0) | 130.0 | (121.0–141.0) | 129.0 | (118.0–141.0) | 1.5 | 0.69 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.0 | (69.0–82.0) d | 77.0 | (70.0–82.0) d | 77.0 | (70.0–83.0) | 79.0 | (70.0–84.0) a,b | 15.9 | <0.01 |
| WC (cm) | 84.2 | (79.1–88.7) b,c,d | 79.3 | (73.4–85.3) a,c,d | 91.7 | (85.2–95.0) a,b,d | 87.6 | (82.7–92.3) a,b,c | 279.5 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 | (20.9–23.6) b,c,d | 21.0 | (19.4–22.5) a,c,d | 25.4 | (23.5–26.9) a,b,d | 24.3 | (22.9–25.9) a,b,c | 479.7 | <0.01 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 15.3 | (11.7–18.1) b | 12.2 | (9.0–15.7) a,c,d | 15.6 | (13.3–19.9) b,d | 15.0 | (11.9–18.2) b,c | 101.7 | <0.01 |
| LBM (kg) | 43.4 | (39.6–46.1) b,c,d | 41.5 | (38.8–44.0) a,c,d | 50.0 | (46.6–53.7) a,b,d | 48.1 | (45.3–51.8) a,b,c | 568.5 | <0.01 |
| Bone mass (g) | 2261.4 | (2013.0–2563.3) b,c,d | 2142.2 | (1927.2–2363.3) a,c,d | 2480.7 | (2273.9–2748.7) a,b | 2410.9 | (2194.5–2652.6) a,b | 160.7 | <0.01 |
| Bone area (cm2) | 2005.3 | (1884.7–2112.0) b,c,d | 1960.6 | (1830.1–2057.9) a,c,d | 2123.5 | (2011.9–2234.1) a,b | 2093.2 | (1996.7–2196.1) a,b | 221.2 | <0.01 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | 1.13 | (1.0–1.2) c | 1.10 | (1.0–1.2) c,d | 1.16 | (1.1–1.2) a,b | 1.15 | (1.1–1.2) b | 59.4 | <0.01 |
| AMI (kg/cm2) | 6.50 | (6.1–6.8) c,d | 6.55 | (6.2–6.8) c,d | 7.61 | (7.3–8.1) a,b | 7.62 | (7.3–8.0) a,b | 946.5 | <0.01 |
| Sleep duration (hour) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 7.1 | 0.07 |
| † Drinking (yes, n(%)) | 77 (61.1) | 282 (61.6) d | 94 (69.6) | 390 (70.7) b | <0.01 | |||||
| † Smoking (yes, n(%)) | 70 (55.6) | 280 (61.1) | 80 (59.3) | 344 (62.3) | 0.54 | |||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Variables (Unit) |
Sarcopenic diabetes a
(n = 71) |
Sarcopenia alone b
(n = 312) |
Diabetes alone c
(n = 249) |
Non-sarcopenia
and non-diabetes d (n = 1049) |
K-W test | |||||
| Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | H-value | p-value | |
| Age (year) | 73.0 | (68.0–77.0) c | 72.0 | (68.0–76.0) c,d | 70.0 | (67.0–75.0) a,b | 71.0 | (68.0–75.0) b | 23.5 | <0.01 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137.5 | (122.5–150.5) b | 131.0 | (118.0–142.0) a | 133.0 | (120.0–144.0) | 132.0 | (120.0–144.0) | 8.4 | 0.04 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.0 | (69.0–82.0) | 75.0 | (70.0–82.0) c | 76.0 | (70.0–82.0) | 79.0 | (71.0–85.0) b | 18.3 | <0.01 |
| WC (cm) | 81.2 | (74.3–85.8) b,c | 77.1 | (71.1–84.2) a,c,d | 89.4 | (83.2–95.2) a,b,d | 83.6 | (77.4–89.9) b,c | 228.6 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 | (20.6–24.0) c,d | 21.4 | (19.6–23.2) c,d | 25.8 | (23.8–27.9) a,b,d | 24.5 | (22.5–26.5) a,b,c | 324.2 | <0.01 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 18.3 | (14.5–22.2) c | 16.7 | (13.3–20.1) c,d | 20.8 | (17.6–24.7) a,b,d | 19.0 | (15.2–22.7) b,c | 87.8 | <0.01 |
| LBM (kg) | 30.7 | (28.9–32.4) c,d | 29.9 | (28.2–31.5) c,d | 36.3 | (34.2–39.7) a,b,d | 34.5 | (32.4–37.0) a,b,c | 560.7 | <0.01 |
| Bone mass (g) | 1524.4 | (1299.3–1727.5) c | 1437.1 | (1252.9–1646.0) c,d | 1676.9 | (1484.6–1842.5) a,b,d | 1580.8 | (1406.2–1774.2) b,c | 91.2 | <0.01 |
| Bone area (cm2) | 1557.3 | (1440.9–1678.9) c,d | 1552.7 | (1450.5–1676.9) c,d | 1706.7 | (1595.7–1820.3) a,b,d | 1666.0 | (1562.4–1768.3) a,b,c | 148.1 | <0.01 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | 0.96 | (0.9–1.0) | 0.92 | (0.9–1.0) c,d | 0.97 | (0.9–1.0) b,d | 0.94 | (0.9–1.0) b,c | 30.4 | <0.01 |
| AMI (kg/cm2) | 5.15 | (4.9–5.3) c,d | 5.15 | (4.9–5.3) c,d | 6.22 | (5.9–6.6) a,b | 6.07 | (5.8–6.4) a,b | 896.6 | <0.01 |
| Sleep duration (hour) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) c,d | 6.0 | (5.0–8.0) | 6.0 | (5.0–8.0) a | 6.0 | (5.0–7.0) a | 10.5 | 0.01 |
| † Drinking (yes, n (%)) | 20 (28.2) | 94 (30.1) | 83 (33.3) | 374 (35.7) | 0.21 | |||||
| † Smoking (yes, n (%)) | 7 (9.9) | 36 (11.5) | 20 (8.0) | 84 (8.0) | 0.26 | |||||
Note: p-values from Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) test and † Chi-square test. Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the: a Sarcopenic diabetes group, b Sarcopenia alone group, c Diabetes alone group, and d Non-sarcopenia and non-diabetes group. Post hoc tests for multiple pairwise comparisons between each group utilized Kruskal–Wallis analysis with Dunn–Bonferroni correction and Chi-square test with Bonferroni correction. IQR: interquartile range, Q: quartile (Q1: 25th percentile, Q3: 75th percentile), SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, AMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, n: number of participants.