Table 3.
Comparison of nutrient intakes among the sarcopenia and diabetes groups.
| Men | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables (Unit) | Sarcopenic Diabetes a
(n = 126) |
Sarcopenia Alone b
(n = 458) |
Diabetes Alone c
(n = 135) |
Non-Sarcopenia and Non-Diabetes d (n = 552) |
K-W Test | |||||
| Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | H-Value | p-Value | |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1680.2 | (1349.3–2142.9) d | 1729.8 | (1378.7–2071.3) c,d | 1919.5 | (1395.1–2305.4) b | 1832.5 | (1550.2–2336.6) a,b | 32.5 | <0.01 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 298.4 | (242.9–354.5) d | 304.3 | (250.7–378.7) d | 333.4 | (248.2–395.5) | 325.8 | (274.3–399.8) a,b | 23.0 | <0.01 |
| Protein (g) | 52.0 | (37.6–73.2) c,d | 53.0 | (40.2–69.5) c,d | 65.1 | (44.5–82.8) a,b | 60.5 | (46.0–83.2) a,b | 34.6 | <0.01 |
| Fat (g) | 21.4 | (11.8–32.8) | 17.8 | (11.4–29.3) c,d | 25.1 | (13.9–41.4) b | 21.8 | (13.8–37.1) b | 25.8 | <0.01 |
| Crude Fiber (g) | 6.52 | (4.1–9.0) c | 6.15 | (4.3–8.8) c,d | 8.10 | (5.6–11.0) a,b | 6.75 | (4.7–10.1) b | 23.2 | <0.01 |
| Calcium (mg) | 364.8 | (213.1–600.5) | 354.1 | (220.4–535.1) c,d | 453.7 | (283.8–699.6) b | 407.2 | (283.1–609.6) b | 23.0 | <0.01 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 990.1 | (707.1–1324.6) c,d | 976.1 | (768.0–1251.2) c,d | 1138.1 | (886.9–1434.0) a,b | 1117.2 | (875.4–1443.1) a,b | 37.4 | <0.01 |
| Iron (mg) | 11.2 | (6.7–17.2) c | 10.7 | (7.0–16.9) c,d | 14.4 | (8.9–19.3) a,b | 12.3 | (8.3–18.7) b | 23.3 | <0.01 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3668.3 | (2247.9–5374.8) c,d | 4044.6 | (2599.8–5681.0) d | 4213.6 | (2848.0–6560.1) a | 4466.3 | (3139.6–6285.3) a,b | 17.9 | <0.01 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2462.1 | (1627.4–3312.2) c,d | 2412.3 | (1784.8–3269.5) c,d | 2989.0 | (2143.0–4305.9) a,b | 2780.6 | (2031.3–3750.6) a,b | 36.9 | <0.01 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 0.93 | (0.7–1.4) c,d | 0.94 | (0.7–1.3) c,d | 1.07 | (0.8–1.6) a,b | 1.05 | (0.8–1.4) a,b | 30.6 | <0.01 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.80 | (0.6–1.2) c | 0.79 | (0.5–1.1) c,d | 1.04 | (0.7–1.5) a,b | 0.89 | (0.6–1.3) b | 31.7 | <0.01 |
| Niacin (mg) | 11.5 | (8.4–17.3) c,d | 12.2 | (9.1–16.9) c,d | 14.9 | (10.9–19.8) a,b | 13.8 | (10.4–19.6) a,b | 35.6 | <0.01 |
| Vitamin A (μgRE) | 428.1 | (216.5–776.6) c | 388.4 | (197.8–780.6) c,d | 632.7 | (351.8–1032.0) a,b | 487.7 | (257.1–889.1) b | 28.5 | <0.01 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 78.5 | (32.9–121.3) | 64.4 | (35.2–104.3) c,d | 88.3 | (55.1–147.1) b | 74.5 | (45.9–121.7) b | 19.6 | <0.01 |
| † Comparison of food intake over 24 h with usual intake (yes, n (%)) | Ate more than usual | 12 (9.5) | 24 (5.2) | 11 (8.1) | 31 (5.6) | 0.40 | ||||
| Ate the same as usual | 107 (84.9) | 417 (91.0) | 116 (85.9) | 503 (91.1) | ||||||
| Ate less than usual | 7 (5.6) | 17 (3.7) | 8 (5.9) | 17 (3.1) | ||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Variables (Unit) |
Sarcopenic diabetes a
(n = 71) |
Sarcopenia alone b
(n = 312) |
Diabetes alone c
(n = 249) |
Non-sarcopenia
and non-diabetes d (n = 1049) |
K-W test | |||||
| Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | Median | (IQR: Q1–Q3) | H-value | p-value | |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1274.3 | (1072.1–1609.6) | 1273.5 | (975.4–1590.6) c,d | 1418.0 | (1125.1–1746.6) b | 1411.2 | (1109.1–1774.7) b | 27.9 | <0.01 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 248.1 | (206.8–310.3) | 242.2 | (186.8–304.0) c,d | 279.5 | (212.5–340.2) b | 277.4 | (214.7–343.6) b | 35.1 | <0.01 |
| Protein (g) | 37.3 | (26.0–51.1) | 37.0 | (26.9–52.7) c,d | 43.0 | (31.6–57.1) b | 42.0 | (30.2–56.4) b | 16.7 | <0.01 |
| Fat (g) | 11.3 | (7.2–20.8) | 12.6 | (7.9–21.9) | 14.7 | (8.7–21.4) | 13.6 | (7.7–22.6) | 2.8 | 0.42 |
| Crude Fiber (g) | 4.76 | (3.4–7.4) | 4.29 | (2.8–6.9) c,d | 5.50 | (3.6–8.7) b | 5.25 | (3.4–8.1) b | 24.1 | <0.01 |
| Calcium (mg) | 260.1 | (144.6–451.2) | 272.5 | (153.4–437.5) c | 314.9 | (189.6–523.0) b | 292.8 | (176.1–449.7) | 10.1 | 0.02 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 738.1 | (576.0–1002.8) | 713.3 | (527.5–985.8) c,d | 823.3 | (627.0–1060.6) b | 809.9 | (604.1–1047.7) b | 17.8 | <0.01 |
| Iron (mg) | 7.9 | (4.7–12.5) | 7.5 | (4.7–12.0) c,d | 9.8 | (6.2–16.2) b | 8.7 | (5.6–13.9) b | 21.2 | <0.01 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2364.9 | (1442.4–3450.6) c,d | 2605.3 | (1581.6–3905.1) c,d | 2963.5 | (2024.5–4377.5) a,b | 2895.2 | (1876.1–4451.9) a,b | 17.6 | <0.01 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1850.4 | (1366.3–2517.5) | 1754.1 | (1170.9–2514.5) c,d | 2008.1 | (1614.4–2986.4) b | 2064.6 | (1413.1–2900.5) b | 26.2 | <0.01 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 0.66 | (0.5–0.8) | 0.67 | (0.5–1.0) c,d | 0.75 | (0.6–1.0) b | 0.77 | (0.6–1.1) b | 20.6 | <0.01 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.50 | (0.3–0.8) | 0.58 | (0.3–0.9) c | 0.69 | (0.5–1.0) b | 0.63 | (0.4–0.9) | 12.3 | <0.01 |
| Niacin (mg) | 8.4 | (6.5–11.1) | 8.2 | (6.0–12.0) c,d | 9.8 | (7.3–13.6) b | 9.7 | (7.0–13.2) b | 23.0 | <0.01 |
| Vitamin A (μgRE) | 268.0 | (132.4–599.4) | 330.1 | (137.6–654.3) c | 410.7 | (204.6–819.2) b | 357.2 | (151.5–685.6) | 9.3 | 0.03 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 50.0 | (27.1–69.3) | 48.9 | (24.2–83.1) c,d | 60.2 | (28.1–98.4) b | 60.4 | (31.0–104.1) b | 19.4 | <0.01 |
| † Comparison of food intake over 24 h with usual intake (yes, n (%)) | Ate more than usual | 4 (5.6) | 13 (4.2) | 15 (6.0) | 80 (7.6) | 0.31 | ||||
| Ate the same as usual | 61 (85.9) | 282 (90.4) | 210 (84.3) | 887 (84.6) | ||||||
| Ate less than usual | 6 (8.5) | 16 (5.1) | 24 (9.6) | 80 (7.6) | ||||||
Note: p-values from the Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) test and † Chi-square test. Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the: a Sarcopenic diabetes group, b Sarcopenia alone group, c Diabetes alone group, and d Non-sarcopenia and non-diabetes group. Post hoc tests for multiple pairwise comparisons between each group utilized K–W analysis with Dunn–Bonferroni correction and Chi-square test with Bonferroni correction. IQR: interquartile range, Q: quartile (Q1: 25th percentile, Q3: 75th percentile), n: number of participants.