Table 2.
Biological test assays and anti-virus mechanisms of diphyllin as well as its derivatives.
| Compound Number in Original References |
Biological Tests and Assays | Anti-Virus Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| diphyllin (5), diphyllin apioside (6, and diphyllin pioside-5-acetate (7) | MIC test | unreported | [49] |
| diphyllin | MTT, acridine orange labeling assay, fluorescence microscopy assay, RT-PCR, Western blot, TCID50 assay, hemagglutination test, plaque assay, CPE inhibition assay | vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibition | [50] |
| diphyllin | MTT, ADE model of FIPV infection, blood chemistry analysis | vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibition | [51] |
| diphyllin | transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering assay, cell cytopathic effect inhibition assay, mouse model of the sublethal influenza challenge | vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibition | [52] |
| justiprocumins A and B | luciferase gene reporter assay | unreported | [53] |
| 2e, 2g, 2h | pseudovirus assays, MTT, vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibition | vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibition | [54] |
| 6-deoxyglucose-diphyllin (DGP) | acridine orange staining assay, MTT, qRT-PCR | acidification of endosomal/lysosomal compartments prevention | [58] |
| diphyllin, diphyllinoside cleistanthin B, helioxanthin 8-1, and helioxanthin 5-4-2 | viral titer reduction assay, MTT, plaque assays, immunofluorescence staining | unreported | [59] |
| diphyllin, diphyllinosides (Cleistanthin B 8) | acridine orange staining assay, GFP-EBOV virus infection assay, GFP-VLP uptake and trafficking assay, immunofluorescence staining, confocal imaging | vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibition | [60] |
| diphyllin, justicidin B (2), linadiacin A (3), linadiacin B (4) | MTT, TCID50 value determination | unreported | [61] |