Table 1.
Pre-pregnancy and pregnancy characteristics of women included in the San Carlos GDM Prevention Cohort eligible for the postdelivery program.
| Non-Participants (n = 1129) | Participants (n = 1400) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic features | |||
| Age (years) | 32.1 ± 5.5 | 33.1 ± 4.9 | 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 724 (64.1) | 935 (66.8) | |
| Latin American | 364 (32.2) | 430 (30.7) | |
| Others | 41 (3.6) | 35 (2.5) | 0.040 |
| University degree | 683 (60.5) | 964 (68.9) | 0.001 |
| Workers | 839 (74.3) | 1134 (81.0) | 0.001 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smokers | 604 (53.5) | 801 (57.2) | |
| Current smokers | 113 (10.0) | 95 (6.8) | 0.001 |
| Pregnancies | |||
| First | 458 (40.6) | 625 (44.6) | |
| Second | 347 (30.7) | 415 (29.6) | |
| Third or above | 324 (28.7) | 360 (25.7) | 0.251 |
| In a previous pregnancy: | |||
| GDM | 37 (3.3) | 48 (3.4) | 0.535 |
| Miscarriage | 417 (36.9) | 458 (32.7) | 0.018 |
| Family history of some components of MetS | 463 (41.0) | 603 (43.1) | 0.130 |
| Pre-pregnancy features | |||
| Body weight (kg) | 61.9 ± 11.4 | 61.7 ± 11.2 | 0.655 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 4.0 | 23.4 ± 4.0 | 0.896 |
| Questionnaires (scores) | |||
| Nutrition | 0.1 ± 3.2 | 0.5 ± 3.1 | 0.003 |
| MEDAS | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 0.016 |
| Physical activity | −1.8 ± 1.0 | −1.9 ± 1.0 | 0.441 |
| Pregnancy and delivery features | |||
| SBP (mmHg) (8–12 GWs) | 109 ± 10 | 109 ± 10 | 0.167 |
| DBP (mmHg) (8–12 GWs) | 67 ± 9 | 67 ± 9 | 0.613 |
| FSG (mg/dL) (8–12 GWs) | 80 ± 6 | 80 ± 6 | 0.560 |
| HbA1 c (%) (8–12 GWs) | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 0.181 |
| HOMA-IR (8–12 GWs) | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 0.126 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) (8–12 GWs) | 80 ± 33 | 82 ± 41 | 0.901 |
| GDM (24–28 w) | 172 (15.2) | 289 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Bodyweight gain (24 GWs) | 7.4 ± 4.8 | 7.1 ± 4.1 | 0.176 |
| Bodyweight gain (38 GWs) | 11.7 ± 6.7 | 11.8 ± 6.3 | 0.863 |
| Insulin treatment | 40 (23.3) | 70 (24.2) | 0.432 |
| High BP or preeclampsia | 45 (4.0) | 53 (3.8) | 0.960 |
| Prematurity (<37 GWs) | 40 (3.5) | 90 (6.4) | 0.001 |
| Cesarean section | 244 (21.6) | 296 (21.2) | 0.740 |
| LGA (>90 percentile) | 42 (3.7) | 50 (3.6) | 0.471 |
| SGA (<10 percentile) | 34 (3.0) | 80 (5.7) | 0.001 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables or number (%) for qualitative variables. Statistical significance at p < 0.05. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FSG, fasting serum glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance; LGA, large for gestational age, and SGA, small for gestational age (both according to local tables, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, 2014); MEDAS, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; GWs, gestational weeks.