Table 3.
Glycemic status change at 3 years (3 y) postdelivery according to metabolic characteristics at 3 months (3 m) postdelivery.
| 3 m AGR (110) | 3 m NGR (n = 1290) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 y NGR Reversion (n = 83) |
3 y AGR Persistence (n = 27) |
p | 3 y AGR Progression (n = 110) |
3 y NGR Persistence (n = 1180) |
p | |
| Age (years) | 32.7 ± 4.6 | 34.9 ± 4.5 | 0.031 | 34.8 ± 4.5 | 32.9 ± 4.9 | 0.001 |
| GDM (24–28 GWs) | 30 (36.1) | 14 (51.2) | 0.001 | 50 (45.5) | 195 (16.5) | 0.001 |
| Breastfeeding 3 m. n (%) | 79 (95) | 25 (92) | 0.653 | 101 (92) | 1125 (95) | 0.165 |
| Exclusive (months) | 5.2 + 1.3 | 4.9 + 1.5 | 0.121 | 4.6 + 1.9 | 4.9 + 1.6 | 0.095 |
| Mixed (months) | 10.4 + 6.9 | 9.9 + 7.8 | 0.351 | 10.1 + 7.4 | 10.6 + 7.9 | 0.314 |
| 3 m body weight (kg) | 69.5 ± 11.8 | 69.8 ± 12.3 | 0.008 | 69.0 ± 11.8 | 66.0 ± 11.5 | 0.031 |
| 3 m BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.6 | 27.6 ± 5.1 | 0.014 | 26.3 ± 4.9 | 25.0 ± 4.2 | 0.014 |
| <25 | 57 (68.7) | 15 (55.6) | 69 (62.7) | 859 (72.8) | ||
| 25–29.9 | 16 (19.3) | 6 (22.2) | 25 (22.7) | 232 (19.7) | ||
| ≥30 | 10 (12.0) | 6 (22.2) | 0.138 | 16 (14.5) | 89 (7.5) | 0.034 |
| Pre-gestational obesity | 11 (13.3) | 3 (11.1) | 0.907 | 13 (11.8) | 63 (5.3) | 0.005 |
| 3 y weight (kg) | 64.0 ± 13.4 | 67.6 ± 10.8 | 0.023 | 67.3 ± 11.1 | 63.0 ± 10.8 | 0.023 |
| Bodyweight change | ||||||
| 3 m minus pregestational | 4.2 ± 6.5 | 6.6 ± 7.1 | 0.056 | 6.6 ± 6.9 | 4.7 ± 5.5 | 0.011 |
| 3 y minus 3 m | −4.1 ± 3.9 | −2.1 ± 5.1 | 0.026 | −0.7 ± 5.0 | −2.0 ± 5.6 | 0.014 |
| 3 y minus pregestational | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.917 | 4.8 ± 5.6 | 1.2 ± 2.5 | 0.033 |
| 3 m waist (cm) | 88.9 ± 8.9 | 90.3 ± 10.2 | 0.036 | 87.6 ± 8.9 | 85.2 ± 9.6 | 0.036 |
| 3 m SBP (mmHg) | 110 ± 10 | 113 ± 12 | 0.071 | 113 ± 14 | 110 ± 12 | 0.071 |
| 3 m DBP (mmHg) | 68 ± 6 | 73 ± 9 | 0.175 | 73 ± 12 | 71 ± 9 | 0.175 |
| 3 m FSG (mg/dL) | 92 ± 11 | 96 ± 12 | 0.021 | 86 ± 7 | 83 ± 7 | 0.001 |
| 3 m HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 0.042 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
| 3 m HOMA-IR | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 5.5 | 0.907 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 2.4 | 0.907 |
| 3 m HDL-c (mg/dL) | 62 ± 13 | 52 ± 12 | 0.016 | 62 ± 19 | 64 ± 16 | 0.627 |
| 3 m Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 90 ± 51 | 109 ± 94 | 0.399 | 82 ± 34 | 80 ± 43 | 0.006 |
| 3 m Questionnaires (scores) | ||||||
| Nutrition | 3.7 ± 3.6 | 2.9 ± 3.3 | 0.429 | 4.0 ± 3.5 | 4.1 ± 3.5 | 0.282 |
| MEDAS | 6.1 ± 1.8 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.366 | 6.0 ± 2.1 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 0.377 |
| Physical activity | −1.6 ± 0.9 | −1.8 ± 0.6 | 0.499 | −1.5 ± 0.9 | −1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.339 |
| 3 m exercise activity (min/d) | 32 ± 18 | 0 ± 6 | 0.415 | 14 ± 69 | 34 ± 96 | 0.065 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables or number (%) for qualitative variables. Statistical significance at the p < 0.005 level. AGR, abnormal glucose regulation; NGR, normal glucose regulation; BMI; body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FSG, fasting serum glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance; FBG, fasting blood glucose; m, months; MEDAS, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener; NGR, normal glucose regulation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; w, weeks.