(a) Sulfur removal of DESs with different compositions of molar ratios, (b) UV–Vis of 4-nitroaniline in various DADESs, and (c) viscosity of different DADESs at 40 °C. Experimental conditions: Model oil = 5 mL, O/S = 5, m (DES) = 1.5 g, t = 60 min, T = 40 °C.