ALA	5-aminolevulinic acid
ALD	atomic layer deposition
AFM	atomic force microscopy
BBB	blood–brain barrier
C₆H₅CH₃	toluene
C6H6	benzene
CCVD	catalytic chemical vapour deposition
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
DSSC	Dye-sensitized solar cell
E. coli	Escherichia coli
Eg	energy bandgap
Ec	conduction band
EF	Fermi energy level
Ev	valence band
ENX	enoxacin
ES	Efros–Shklovskii
FET	field-effect transistor
GBs	grain boundaries
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
HPV	Human Papillomavirus
HT	hydrothermal
IDEs	interdigital electrodes
IPA	isopropyl alcohol
I–V	current-voltage
ML	molecular layering method
MOS	metal–oxide–semiconductor
MOX	metal oxide
MWCNTs	multi-walled carbon nanotubes
NIR	near infrared
NPs	nanoparticles
NTs	nanotubes (TNT titania nanotubes)
NTAs	nanotubes arrays
OPW	oilfield-produced water
PANI	polyaniline
PDD	photodynamic diagnosis
PEC	(photo)electrochemical biosensors
PEG	polyethylene glycol
PEI	polyethyleneimine
PHT	polyhexahydrotriazine
PL	photoluminescence
PLD	pulsed laser deposition
PPy	polypyrrole
rGO	reduced graphene oxide
RMS	root mean square roughness
RNA	ribonucleic acid
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RT	room temperature
SEM	scanning electron microscopy
SG	sol–gel
SP	spray pyrolysis
SPR	plasmon resonance biosensor
STO	strontium titanate (SrTiO3)
TCO	transparent conductive oxide
TEM	transmission electron microscopy
TNA	titanium dioxide nanotube arrays
UV	ultraviolet
Vis	visible
VOCs	volatile organic components
VRH	variable range hopping
XRD	X-ray diffraction