Fig. 4.

Illustration of signaling through estrogen receptors by modulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Specifically, presented some lncRNAs lncRNA NEAT1, lncRNA H19, lncRNA MALAT1, lncRNA ERLC1, lncRNA EGFR AS1, and lncRNA HOTAIR, in estrogen signaling, emphasizing their role in physiological processes and pathogenesis of ovarian diseases such as ovarian cancer (OC). Tamoxifen (Tam) and fulvestrant (Ful) are the major drugs for patients with endocrine resistance in OC. LncRNAs (lncRNA H19 and LncRNA LINP1) have been shown to play an important role in the development of antiestrogen drug resistance. Note: ERα, Estrogen receptor alpha; CoA, Coenzyme A; ERE, Estrogen response element; TF, Transcription factor; TFRE, Transcription factor regulatory element; EGF, Epidermal growth factor; IGF, Insulin like growth factor; EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor; IGFR, Insulin like growth factor receptor; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase.