Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Oct 9;19(12):1916–1926. doi: 10.1038/s41567-023-02218-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — a, Average filament curvature with varying densities, showing density-driven straightening (large-scale simulations correspond to snapshots and analysis in Fig. 2b,d,f; L = 212d). The solid red line corresponds to the best match of flexure number from the quantitative comparison shown in Fig. 2. b, Average filament curvature as a function of packing fraction in active and passive systems (L = 42d). Although active filaments gradually straighten with increasing density (red), passive filaments (v₀ = 0 nm s^–1) straighten more abruptly above a packing fraction of 0.5–0.6 (green). Plotting the active filament curvature as a function of local density (Methods) displays a similar trend of straightening as in the passive system (binned scatter plot, grey). The filament curvature versus local density was analysed over the whole simulated density range (Φ = 0.05–0.90). The dotted lines represent the mean and the shaded area, the 95% confidence interval. c, Scaling of density fluctuations for passive (v₀ = 0 nm s^–1, green) and active (red) filaments (L = 42d, Φ = 0.4), showing the predicted scaling from equilibrium (exponent, 0.5) and giant density fluctuations (exponent, 0.8), respectively. d,f, Nematic and integer defects in high density (Φ = 0.95, L = 42d) of semiflexible (ℱ = 40) (d) and rigid (ℱ = 5) (f) filaments. Only bonds of the filaments (without the full diameter of beads) are presented for clarity. Filaments are colour coded according to the orientation of the bond vectors between beads. e, Density of nematic defects as a function of filament flexibility (Φ = 0.9, L = 42d). Defect density first decreases with increasing filament flexibility and then increases beyond a flexure number of 50. g, Density of integer defects as a function of filament flexibility (Φ = 0.9, L = 42d). Defect density sharply decreases with increasing filament flexibility. The dotted lines represent the mean and the shaded area, the 95% confidence interval.

Source data