TABLE 5.
Postprandial studies investigating the effects of FA composition on vascular function in healthy adults1
| Reference | Study design | Age and BMI of subject group (n) | Meal components | Energy2 (kcal) | Macronutrient composition | Fat source(s) | FA composition | Parameter of vascular function (h) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berry et al. [49] | Crossover Randomized |
27.1 ± 5.3 y 24.3 ± 3.0 kg/m2n = 17 (17 M, 0 F) |
Both meals 2 muffins (each containing 25 g test fat) 1 milkshake |
Both meals 853 |
Both meals 50 g fat 15 g protein 89 g CHO |
Meal rich in stearic acid Shea butter blend (refined shea butter blended with small amount of sunflower oil) |
Meal rich in stearic acid 26.7 g C18:0 16.6 g C18:1 n–9 4.5 g C18:2 n–6 |
FMD (%) Ultrasound, brachial artery (0, 3 h) |
Significant meal x time interaction for FMD (P = 0.039) High-oleic sunflower oil: significant decrease from baseline (P < 0.001) Shea butter blend: no significant postprandial change in FMD Change in FMD, 3 h: significant difference between meals (P < 0.05) |
| Meal rich in oleic acid High-oleic sunflower oil |
Meal rich in oleic acid 0.8 g C18:0 42.5 g C18:1 n–9 4.0 g C18:2 n–6 |
PWVc–f (m/s) Applanation tonometry, carotid and femoral artery (SphygmoCor) (0, 3 h) |
Both meals: no significant postprandial changes in PWVc–f | ||||||
| AIx (%) Applanation tonometry, radial artery (SphygmoCor) (0, 3 h) |
Significant time effect (decrease after both meals) for central AIx (P = 0.019) and peripheral AIx (P < 0.001) Changes in central AIx and peripheral AIx, 3 h: no significant differences between meals |
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| Chong et al. [55] | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
48 ± 18 y 24.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2n = 25 (12 M, 13 F) |
Both meals3 Chocolate milkshake (containing 30 g test fat) 3 slices white bread Strawberry jam |
Both meals N/A |
Both meals 33.3 g fat 23 g protein 138 g CHO |
Control meal Palm olein and soybean oil (4:1) | Both meals N/A |
AIx75 (%) Applanation tonometry, radial artery (SphygmoCor) (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 h) |
Significant treatment and time effects (both: P = 0.02) LC n–3 PUFA: attenuating effect on AIx75 compared with control (more moderate increase toward baseline subsequent to AIx75 reduction) |
| LC n–3 PUFA-rich meal 23.2 g control oil, 6.8 g fish oil (2.0 g EPA, 2.7 g DHA) | |||||||||
| Lithander et al. [50] | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
38.7 ± 14.4 y 24.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2n = 20 (20 M, 0 F) |
SFA-rich meal (shake) Whole milk Skimmed milk powder Instant drink powder (strawberry flavor) Water Double cream Sunflower oil 400 ml water |
SFA-rich meal 747 |
SFA-rich meal 57.6 g fat 18.8 g protein 41.1 g CHO |
SFA-rich meal Double cream Sunflower oil |
SFA-rich meal 33.84 g SFA (5.31 g C14:0 14.29 g C16:0 5.9 g C18:0) 14.64 g MUFA 4.18 g PUFA |
AIx, AIx75 (%) Applanation tonometry, radial artery (SphygmoCor) (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 h) |
Significant decrease in AIx and AIx75 from baseline (time effect for both P < 0.01); AIx no longer significant after adjustment for heart rate and MAP increase; AIx75 significant after adjustment for MAP increase (P < 0.05) No significant differential effects of meal type |
| MUFA-rich meal (shake) Whole milk Skimmed milk powder Instant drink powder (strawberry flavor) Water Olive oil 400 ml water |
MUFA-rich meal 712 |
MUFA-rich meal 54.5 g fat 17.4 g protein 39.7 g CHO |
MUFA-rich meal Olive oil |
MUFA-rich meal 11.7 g SFA 36.42 g MUFA (35.4 g C18:1 n–9) 3.97 g PUFA |
PWVc–f (m/s) Applanation tonometry, carotid and femoral artery (SphygmoCor) (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 h) |
Significant increase in PWVc–f from baseline (time effect P < 0.05); no longer significant after adjustment for MAP increase No significant differential effects of meal type |
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| Nicholls et al. [51] | Crossover Randomized Single-blind (investigator) |
29.5 ± 2.3 y 23.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2n = 14 (8 M, 6 F) |
Both meals Slice of carrot cake Milkshake |
Both meals N/A |
Both meals 1 g/kg BW fat |
PUFA-rich meal Safflower oil |
PUFA-rich meal 8.8 % SFA 13.6 % MUFA 75 % PUFA |
FMD (%) Ultrasound, brachial artery (0, 3, 6 h) |
FMD, 3 h: significant decrease from baseline following coconut oil (P < 0.05); no significant postprandial change following safflower oil Change in FMD: no significant group difference FMD, 6 h, both meals: no significant change in FMD from fasting values |
| SFA-rich meal Coconut oil |
SFA-rich meal 89.6 % SFA 5.8 % MUFA 1.9 % PUFA |
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| Raitakiri et al. [53] | N/A | 33 ± 7 y 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2 Meal 1 n = 12 (7 M, 5 F) Meal 2 n = 10 (restudied, sex N/A) |
Meal 1, SFA-rich 1 sausage 2 muffins 2 hash browns (cooked in 61 g fresh tallow) |
SFA-rich meal 1030 |
SFA-rich meal N/A |
SFA-rich meal Fresh tallow |
SFA-rich meal 48 % SFA 40 % MUFA 7.4 % PUFA 4.6 % trans FA |
FMD (%) Ultrasound, brachial artery (0, 3, 6 h) |
Both meals: no significant postprandial changes in FMD |
| Meal 2, MUFA-rich Similar constituents, fat content and energy amount (not further specified) Different FA composition |
MUFA-rich meal 10 % SFA 85 % MUFA 5 % PUFA |
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| Rudolph et al. [52] | Crossover Randomized Single-blind (observer) |
32 ± 11 y 24 ± 5 kg/m2n = 24 (10 M, 14 F) |
Beef burger meal 211 g beef burger 152 g French fries 20 mL Ketchup 500 mL soft drink |
Beef burger meal 1245 |
Beef burger meal 49 g fat 33 g protein 158 g CHO |
Beef burger meal Burger French fries |
Beef burger meal 13.1 g SFA 7.8 g trans FA |
FMD (%) Ultrasound, brachial artery (0, 2, 4 h) |
All meals: significant decrease in FMD from baseline over time (time effect P < 0.001); no significant differences between meals (no significant meal type effect) |
| Vegetarian burger meal 1 203 g vegetarian burger 152 g French fries 20 mL ketchup 500 mL soft drink |
Vegetarian burger meal 1 1216 |
Vegetarian burger meal 1 49 g fat 17 g protein 167 g CHO |
Vegetarian burger meal 1 Burger French fries |
Vegetarian burger meal 1 5.0 g SFA 6.9 g trans FA |
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| Vegetarian burger meal 2 203 g vegetarian burger 90 g salad 30 mL dressing 306 g yogurt (fruit) 500 mL orange juice |
Vegetarian burger meal 2 1057 |
Vegetarian burger meal 2 31 g fat 25 g protein 161 g CHO |
Vegetarian burger meal 2 Burger Dressing Yogurt |
Vegetarian burger meal 2 4.0 g SFA 0.3 g trans FA |
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| Volpe et al. [54] | Crossover4 Randomized Single-blind (observer) |
40 ± 11 y 26 ± 4 kg/m2n = 18 (18 M, 0 F) |
SFA-rich meal 3 ounces of bacon 1 slice of processed cheese 2 servings of egg substitute 5 large black olives 1 bagel 1.3 tbsp yogurt-based margarine 0.75 cup canned pears in water 8 oz milk (1% fat) |
Both meals 700 |
SFA-rich meal 29 g fat 43 g protein 65 g CHO |
SFA-rich meal Various foods (SFA-rich) |
SFA-rich meal 10 g SFA |
FMD (%) Ultrasound, brachial artery (0, 3 h) |
Both meals: no significant postprandial changes in FMD |
| PUFA-rich meal 5 oz salmon 1 bagel 2.25 tbsp yogurt-based margarine 1 tbsp cashew butter 0.5 tbsp parmesan cheese 1.5 tbsp walnuts 0.25 cup canned peaches in water 8 oz mineral water |
PUFA-rich meal 29 g total fat 44 g protein 65 g CHO |
PUFA-rich meal Various foods (PUFA-rich) |
PUFA-rich meal 5 g SFA 4 g n–3-FA |
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Abbreviations: AIx, augmentation index; BW, body weight; CHO, carbohydrate; E%, energy percentage; FA, fatty acid; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; LC, long chain; MPA; N/A, not available; PWV, pulse wave velocity.
1
Age and BMI are given as mean ± SD.
2
Data on energy intake in MJ or kJ were converted to kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ = 0.004184 MJ).
3
Test meals were consumed 5 h after a low-fat, standard breakfast (400 kcal, 2.1 g of fat).
4
In addition to healthy adults, HIV-infected adults with and without antiretroviral therapy were studied; methods and results are not stated here.