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. 2023 Nov 17;9(12):e22396. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22396

Table 4.

Stationarity test outcome.

Variables Order of Integration CADF
Level First difference
CIPS
Level First difference
LnLEX I (1) −0.390 −6.677*** −2.107 −7.422***
LnECD I (1) −1.826 −6.791*** 0.441 −6.134***
LnAIP I (1) −2.537 −7.873*** 1.126 −6.983***
LnHUC I (1) 1.063 −5.513*** −0.467 −9.701***
LnREC I (1) 1.212 −8.927*** −0.827 −9.863***
LnNRR I (1) −0.690 −10.241*** −0.676 −9.660***

Note: *** implies a 1 % significance level, LEX: Life expectancy, ECD: economic development, HUC: Human capital, AIP: Air Pollution, REC: Renewable Energy Consumption, NRR: Natural Resource.