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. 2023 Dec 7;13:21678. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47937-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Clustering result of local horn-section RSM-optimization. Top-right insert sketches the rib thickness design-space in the local horn section. The dendrogram on top shows three clusters based on material failure contour fields of last time steps of 284 samples, respectively. One exemplary contour plot for each cluster is depicted below, visualizing the significantly different failure modes identified by unsupervised clustering: Cluster 1 = local failure only; Cluster 2 = structural shear collapse mode 1; Cluster 3 = structural shear collapse mode 2.