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. 2023 Dec 8;13:21724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49055-8

Table 4.

Ratio of ORs for association between the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and control among treated of hypertension and each socioeconomic factor, 1998–2021.

Variables Overall (1998 to 2021) Pre-COVID-19 pandemic (1998 to 2019) COVID-19 pandemic (2020 to 2021) Ratio of OR (95% CI) p-value
Weighted OR (95% CI) p-value Weighted OR (95% CI) p-value Weighted OR (95% CI) p-value
Hypertension
 Sex
  Women 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Men 1.35 (1.30 to 1.39)  < 0.001 1.35 (1.30 to 1.40)  < 0.001 1.34 (1.23 to 1.46)  < 0.001 0.99 (0.91 to 1.09) 0.910
 Age, years
  ≥ 60 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  19 to 59 0.17 (0.16 to 0.17)  < 0.001 0.17 (0.16 to 0.17)  < 0.001 0.17 (0.15 to 0.19)  < 0.001 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) 0.646
 Region
  Rural 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Urban 0.68 (0.64 to 0.72)  < 0.001 0.69 (0.65 to 0.74)  < 0.001 0.59 (0.50 to 0.70)  < 0.001 0.86 (0.71 to 1.03) 0.095
 Education
  College or higher 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  High school or lower 2.43 (2.32 to 2.53)  < 0.001 2.42 (2.31 to 2.54)  < 0.001 2.54 (2.26 to 2.85)  < 0.001 1.05 (0.92 to 1.18) 0.470
 Income
  Third or highest quartile 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Lowest or second quartile 1.89 (1.82 to 1.96)  < 0.001 1.87 (1.80 to 1.94)  < 0.001 2.07 (1.87 to 2.29)  < 0.001 1.11 (0.99 to 1.23) 0.068
Awareness
 Sex
  Women 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Men 0.49 (0.47 to 0.52)  < 0.001 0.48 (0.45 to 0.51)  < 0.001 0.62 (0.51 to 0.74)  < 0.001 1.29 (1.06 to 1.56) 0.010
 Age, years
  ≥ 60 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  19 to 59 0.22 (0.21 to 0.23)  < 0.001 0.22 (0.21 to 0.24)  < 0.001 0.24 (0.20 to 0.28)  < 0.001 1.08 (0.90 to 1.30) 0.404
 Region
  Rural 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Urban 0.81 (0.75 to 0.88)  < 0.001 0.81 (0.74 to 0.88)  < 0.001 0.82 (0.67 to 1.01) 0.058 1.02 (0.82 to 1.27) 0.879
Education
  College or higher 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  High school or lower 2.16 (2.01 to 2.32)  < 0.001 2.20 (2.04 to 2.38)  < 0.001 2.31 (1.90 to 2.80)  < 0.001 1.05 (0.85 to 1.29) 0.657
 Income
  Third or highest quartile 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Lowest or second quartile 1.72 (1.62 to 1.83)  < 0.001 1.72 (1.61 to 1.83)  < 0.001 1.95 (1.64 to 2.31)  < 0.001 1.13 (0.94 to 1.36) 0.180
 Treatment
Sex
  Women 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Men 0.47 (0.44 to 0.50)  < 0.001 0.45 (0.43 to 0.48)  < 0.001 0.57 (0.48 to 0.68)  < 0.001 1.26 (1.04 to 1.52) 0.015
 Age, years
  ≥ 60 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  19 to 59 0.21 (0.19 to 0.22)  < 0.001 0.20 (0.19 to 0.22)  < 0.001 0.23 (0.19 to 0.27)  < 0.001 1.11 (0.93 to 1.33) 0.246
 Region
  Rural 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Urban 0.78 (0.72 to 0.85)  < 0.001 0.77 (0.71 to 0.84)  < 0.001 0.83 (0.68 to 1.00) 0.051 1.07 (0.87 to 1.32) 0.513
 Education
  College or higher 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  High school or lower 2.25 (2.09 to 2.42)  < 0.001 2.29 (2.11 to 2.48)  < 0.001 2.43 (2.01 to 2.93)  < 0.001 1.06 (0.86 to 1.30) 0.575
 Income
  Third or highest quartile 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Lowest or second quartile 1.74 (1.64 to 1.85)  < 0.001 1.74 (1.63 to 1.85)  < 0.001 1.97 (1.67 to 2.32)  < 0.001 1.13 (0.95 to 1.35) 0.167
Control
 Sex
  Women 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Men 0.64 (0.61 to 0.68)  < 0.001 0.62 (0.59 to 0.66)  < 0.001 0.75 (0.64 to 0.88) 0.001 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43) 0.037
 Age, years
  ≥ 60 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  19 to 59 0.35 (0.33 to 0.37)  < 0.001 0.34 (0.32 to 0.36)  < 0.001 0.44 (0.37 to 0.52)  < 0.001 1.30 (1.09 to 1.55) 0.003
 Region
  Rural 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Urban 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) 0.001 0.86 (0.78 to 0.94) 0.001 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) 0.361 1.07 (0.86 to 1.32) 0.558
 Education
  College or higher 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  High school or lower 1.72 (1.59 to 1.86)  < 0.001 1.77 (1.63 to 1.93)  < 0.001 1.75 (1.45 to 2.10)  < 0.001 0.98 (0.80 to 1.21) 0.883
 Income
  Third or highest quartile 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Lowest or second quartile 1.37 (1.30 to 1.46)  < 0.001 1.40 (1.31 to 1.49)  < 0.001 1.36 (1.17 to 1.60)  < 0.001 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) 0.783
Control among treated
 Sex
  Women 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Men 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24)  < 0.001 1.14 (1.06 to 1.23) 0.001 1.15 (0.93 to 1.43) 0.192 1.01 (0.81 to 1.27) 0.922
Age, years
  ≥ 60 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  19 to 59 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) 0.984 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) 0.424 1.33 (1.03 to 1.70) 0.028 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) 0.019
 Region
  Rural 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Urban 1.06 (0.96 to 1.16) 0.246 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) 0.354 1.07 (0.84 to 1.36) 0.604 1.02 (0.78 to 1.32) 0.910
 Education
  College or higher 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  High school or lower 0.89 (0.79 to 0.99) 0.037 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) 0.132 0.88 (0.65 to 1.18) 0.383 0.96 (0.70 to 1.33) 0.811
 Income
  Third or highest quartile 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  Lowest or second quartile 0.88 (0.81 to 0.95) 0.001 0.91 (0.83 to 0.98) 0.020 0.78 (0.62 to 0.98) 0.029 0.86 (0.68 to 1.09) 0.223

CI confidence interval.

Numbers in bold indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05).