Fig. 4.

Scatter plots of significant modulations in serum cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors of prognostic importance in Chikungunya virus infection. (a) Upregulation of serum cytokine levels during the viraemic phase of chikungunya infection; (b) Modulation of cytokines among the severe chikungunya; and (c) Upregulation of proinflammatory and downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines among convalescent serum samples of persistent arthralgia cases. The statistical significance was estimated using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison tests (p-value presented in the plots: <0.05-∗, <0.01-∗∗ and <0.001-∗∗∗).