Table 1.

Overview of outcome measures.

Outcome measure		Variable or scale	Measure	Analysis method
Primary
	Usability (SUSa)	Continuous, nominal, ordinal, and 5-point Likert-type scaleb	0-100 (SUS score: >68=above average and <68=below average) The individual scores of the participants for each question are transformed into a new number, which is then aggregated and multiplied by 2.5 to convert the initial range of scores from 0-40 to a new range of 0-100.	The frequencies, means, and SD of each item of the SUS scale will be calculated and compared using the McNemar or chi-square and Wilcoxon tests, respectively. In addition, each group’s usability scores and grades will be correlated using Spearman correlation.
Secondary
	Perception of AIc	Continuous, nominal, ordinal, and 5-point Likert-type scale	The questionnaire consists of four sections: (1) sociodemographic information; (2) AI literacy exploration of positive learning experiences with AI; (3) examination of negative experiences associated with AI use; and (4) an assessment of the potential for discussing accountability, fostering student leadership, and addressing ethical and equity concerns pertaining to the use of AI.	Fisher exact or Pearson chi-square test will investigate the associations between the categorized scales and sociodemographic characteristics.
Learning outcomes		Continuous	Students’ grades on both interventions. Score range (0-100)	Mean, SD

^aSUS: System Usability Scale.

^b5=Strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 2=disagree, and 1=strongly disagree.

^cAI: artificial intelligence.