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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 19;31(8):559–567. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.04.006

Table 2.

Factors associated with loneliness in adults with SMI by gender (N=519)

Variable Odds Ratio 95% C.I. P-value

Lower Upper
Male
Housing Congregate (Reference)
Scattersite 0.903 0.519 1.571 0.717
Age Age 0.943 0.943 1.022 0.369
White (Reference)
Race Black American 2.107 0.524 8.315 0.287
Hispanic 1.661 0.448 6.163 0.448
Other 2.543 0.617 10.485 0.197
SMI Diagnosis Major Depressive Disorder (Reference)
Bipolar 0.933 0.573 1.519 0.78
Schizophrenia 1.125 0.644 1.963 0.679
Female
Housing Congregate (Reference)
Scattersite 2.307 1.131 4.707 0.022*
Age Age 1.014 0.961 1.071 .606
White (Reference)
Race Black American 0.105 0.008 1.363 0.085
Hispanic 0.079 0.006 0.971 0.047*
Other 0.140 0.011 0.011 0.136
SMI Diagnosis Major Depressive Disorder (Reference)
Bipolar 1.754 0.725 4.246 0.213
Schizophrenia 1.991 0.865 4.581 0.105

Note: “Other” is defined as Native American and multiple races.