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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):193–206. doi: 10.14283/jpad.2023.8

Table 3.

Hazard ratio of dementias by combination of risk factors (CVD, stroke, hypertension and diabetes) in men with prostate cancer

Characteristics Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals)* of ADRD** by CVD, stroke, hypertension and diabetes
AD Vascular DLB FTD MCI Others Total
Status of 4 risk factors (cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes)
 None 1.00(ref) 1.00(ref) 1.00(ref) 1.00(ref) 1.00(ref) 1.00(ref) 1.00(ref)
 1 of 4 risk factors 1.07(1.05-1.10) 1.21(1.16-1.26) 1.10(1.02-1.19) 1.19(1.00-1.42) 1.25(1.19-1.33) 1.17(1.15-1.19) 1.16(1.15-1.18)
 2 of 4 risk factors 1.29(1.25-1.32) 1.70(1.63-1.78) 1.22(1.12-1.34) 1.51(1.23-1.84) 1.52(1.43-1.63) 1.48(1.46-1.51) 1.49(1.46-1.51)
 3 of 4 risk factors 1.74(1.66-1.82) 2.75(2.59-2.92) 1.57(1.37-1.80) 2.51(1.89-3.32) 1.89(1.71-2.09) 2.03(1.98-2.08) 2.03(1.98-2.08)
 4 of 4 risk factors 1.85(1.66-2.05) 3.50(3.09-3.97) 1.58(1.12-2.24) 1.21(0.45-3.27) 2.20(1.74-2.77) 2.59(2.45-2.75) 2.61(2.47-2.76)
Age (years)
 65-69 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 70-74 1.90(1.84-1.96) 1.72(1.64-1.81) 1.58(1.45-1.71) 1.23(1.03-1.47) 1.44(1.35-1.52) 1.63(1.60-1.67) 1.62(1.59-1.65)
 75-79 3.29(3.18-3.40) 2.82(2.68-2.95) 2.02(1.84-2.21) 1.47(1.21-1.79) 1.78(1.67-1.90) 2.58(2.53-2.63) 2.53(2.49-2.58)
 80-84 5.08(4.90-5.27) 4.24(4.01-4.47) 2.75(2.47-3.06) 1.61(1.25-2.09) 2.21(2.04-2.40) 3.88(3.8-3.97) 3.80(3.73-3.89)
 85 or older 7.09(6.77-7.42) 5.64(5.27-6.02) 2.90(2.48-3.40) 1.74(1.18-2.57) 2.55(2.27-2.86) 5.90(5.74-6.05) 5.75(5.60-5.89)
Race/ethnicity
 NH-Whites 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 NH-Blacks 1.25(1.21-1.29) 1.54(1.47-1.62) 0.89(0.79-1.00) 0.69(0.52-0.91) 0.81(0.74-0.89) 1.24(1.21-1.27) 1.23(1.21-1.26)
 NH-Asians/Pacific Islanders 0.79(0.74-0.84) 0.73(0.66-0.81) 0.70(0.57-0.85) 0.57(0.36-0.92) 0.50(0.43-0.57) 0.79(0.76-0.82) 0.80(0.77-0.83)
 Hispanics 1.06(1.01-1.11) 1.05(0.98-1.13) 0.89(0.78-1.02) 0.54(0.37-0.78) 0.60(0.54-0.67) 1.02(0.99-1.05) 1.02(0.99-1.05)
 Others 0.82(0.74-0.91) 0.80(0.69-0.93) 0.74(0.54-1.00) 0.48(0.21-1.10) 0.55(0.43-0.69) 0.83(0.79-0.88) 0.84(0.80-0.89)
 Unknown/missing 0.94(0.89-1.00) 1.04(0.95-1.13) 0.86(0.72-1.03) 0.96(0.65-1.42) 0.91(0.80-1.03) 0.92(0.89-0.96) 0.92(0.89-0.96)
Marital status
 Married 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Unmarried 1.17(1.14-1.20) 1.42(1.36-1.48) 0.70(0.65-0.75) 0.57(0.48-0.67) 0.53(0.51-0.56) 1.16(1.15-1.18) 1.15(1.14-1.17)
 Unknown 1.14(1.10-1.18) 1.18(1.11-1.25) 0.83(0.75-0.93) 0.80(0.63-1.02) 0.82(0.76-0.89) 1.11(1.08-1.13) 1.10(1.08-1.12)
Tumor stage
 Local/Regional 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Distant 1.00(0.94-1.07) 1.16(1.06-1.27) 0.77(0.60-0.99) 1.12(0.68-1.83) 1.06(0.90-1.24) 1.43(1.38-1.47) 1.40(1.36-1.44)
 Unknown/missing 1.18(1.13-1.23) 1.22(1.14-1.29) 0.88(0.76-1.02) 0.73(0.51-1.06) 0.87(0.77-0.97) 1.15(1.12-1.18) 1.16(1.13-1.19)
Tumor grade
 Well-differentiated 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Moderately-differentiated 0.91(0.87-0.94) 0.80(0.76-0.85) 1.23(1.07-1.43) 1.22(0.87-1.69) 1.68(1.48-1.92) 0.93(0.90-0.95) 0.92(0.90-0.94)
 Poorly-differentiated 0.90(0.86-0.94) 0.80(0.75-0.85) 1.27(1.09-1.48) 1.24(0.88-1.76) 2.10(1.84-2.40) 0.97(0.95-1.00) 0.97(0.94-0.99)
 Unknown/Missing 0.99(0.93-1.05) 0.98(0.90-1.06) 1.42(1.17-1.73) 1.47(0.95-2.30) 1.74(1.48-2.06) 1.11(1.07-1.15) 1.10(1.07-1.14)
Chemotherapy
 Yes vs. No 1.14(1.08-1.20) 1.08(0.99-1.17) 1.27(1.09-1.48) 1.01(0.70-1.46) 1.17(1.05-1.30) 1.17(1.14-1.21) 1.16(1.13-1.20)
Radiotherapy
 Yes vs. No 0.85(0.83-0.87) 0.82(0.79-0.84) 0.90(0.84-0.96) 0.91(0.79-1.06) 1.05(1.00-1.10) 0.87(0.86-0.88) 0.87(0.86-0.88)
Androgen deprivation therapy
 Yes vs. No 1.00(0.94-1.05) 1.01(0.93-1.10) 0.89(0.76-1.03) 1.01(0.7-1.46) 0.83(0.75-0.93) 0.98(0.95-1.01) 0.98(0.95-1.01)
Comorbidity score
 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 1 1.11(1.08-1.14) 1.12(1.08-1.17) 1.06(0.98-1.14) 1.11(0.93-1.32) 1.00(0.94-1.06) 1.22(1.20-1.24) 1.22(1.20-1.23)
 ≥2 1.17(1.12-1.22) 1.29(1.22-1.37) 1.07(0.93-1.24) 0.94(0.67-1.34) 1.08(0.97-1.19) 1.43(1.40-1.47) 1.43(1.39-1.46)
SEER Areas
 Connecticut 1.22(1.17-1.28) 1.97(1.86-2.08) 0.96(0.85-1.09) 1.56(1.23-1.97) 0.73(0.66-0.80) 1.14(1.11-1.17) 1.12(1.09-1.15)
 Detroit 1.57(1.51-1.62) 1.63(1.55-1.72) 1.09(0.98-1.21) 0.74(0.57-0.97) 0.60(0.55-0.66) 1.19(1.16-1.22) 1.17(1.15-1.20)
 Hawaii 1.38(1.27-1.51) 1.92(1.71-2.16) 0.82(0.61-1.10) 0.84(0.41-1.69) 1.10(0.91-1.33) 1.22(1.16-1.28) 1.19(1.14-1.26)
 Iowa 1.09(1.04-1.14) 1.02(0.95-1.09) 1.07(0.95-1.21) 0.81(0.60-1.09) 0.57(0.51-0.63) 1.07(1.05-1.10) 1.04(1.01-1.06)
 New Mexico 1.12(1.05-1.20) 1.24(1.13-1.36) 0.90(0.75-1.09) 0.51(0.29-0.89) 0.72(0.63-0.83) 1.21(1.17-1.25) 1.17(1.13-1.21)
 Seattle 0.63(0.60-0.67) 0.76(0.71-0.83) 0.35(0.28-0.42) 0.42(0.28-0.62) 0.34(0.30-0.38) 0.57(0.55-0.59) 0.57(0.56-0.59)
 Utah 1.00(0.94-1.06) 0.92(0.84-1.02) 0.72(0.60-0.86) 0.62(0.40-0.95) 0.56(0.49-0.64) 0.99(0.96-1.03) 0.97(0.94-1.01)
 Georgia 1.03(0.98-1.09) 0.80(0.74-0.87) 0.60(0.51-0.71) 1.09(0.82-1.46) 0.59(0.53-0.66) 0.89(0.87-0.92) 0.88(0.86-0.91)
 Kentucky 1.42(1.35-1.50) 1.03(0.94-1.12) 1.26(1.09-1.45) 0.92(0.65-1.29) 0.54(0.47-0.61) 1.31(1.28-1.35) 1.26(1.22-1.29)
 Louisiana 0.84(0.79-0.90) 0.76(0.69-0.84) 0.68(0.56-0.81) 0.40(0.24-0.66) 0.42(0.36-0.49) 0.73(0.70-0.76) 0.72(0.70-0.75)
 New Jersey 1.38(1.33-1.43) 1.40(1.32-1.47) 1.22(1.10-1.35) 1.21(0.97-1.52) 1.08(1.01-1.16) 1.11(1.09-1.14) 1.12(1.10-1.14)
 California 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
*

Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, tumor stage, tumor grade, comorbidity score, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, year of diagnosis, and SEER areas;

**

see Methods section or footnote in Table-1 for the description of abbreviations.