Table 1.
Excess deaths in 2020–2023 (using 2017–2019 average as reference) and vulnerability indicators
| Country | Excess deaths, p (%)* | 2021 population in millions | Excess deaths, absolute | Excess deaths, absolute per million* | Reported COVID-19 deaths per million, 2 August 2023 | Per capita nominal GDP ($) | Gini for income inequality | Living in poverty (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Zealand | −3.56 | 4.86 | −4,619 | −950 | 662 | 48,781 | 0.320 | No data |
| Sweden | −3.53 | 10.16 | −11,632 | −1,145 | 2,415 | 61,029 | 0.276 | 0.60 |
| Denmark | −2.98 | 5.81 | −6,245 | −1,074 | 1,509 | 68,008 | 0.268 | 0.40 |
| Norway | −2.05 | 5.47 | −3,161 | −578 | 1,027 | 89,154 | 0.263 | 0.52 |
| South Korea | −1.94 | 51.31 | −22,583 | −440 | 688 | 34,998 | 0.331 | 0.74 |
| Australia | −1.86 | 25.79 | −10,949 | −425 | 872 | 60,443 | 0.318 | 0.74 |
| Luxembourg | −1.80 | 0.63 | −283 | −446 | 1,575 | 133,590 | 0.305 | 0.30 |
| Iceland | −0.39 | 0.34 | −32 | −93 | 542 | 68,728 | 0.250 | 0.04 |
| Israel | 0.48 | 8.79 | 829 | 94 | 1,433 | 52,171 | 0.342 | 2.47 |
| Switzerland | 0.71 | 8.72 | 1,807 | 207 | 1,610 | 91,992 | 0.316 | 0.14 |
| Finland | 1.25 | 5.55 | 2,547 | 459 | 1,818 | 53,655 | 0.265 | 0.10 |
| Belgium | 2.31 | 11.63 | 9,224 | 793 | 2,955 | 51,247 | 0.262 | 0.20 |
| Canada | 2.66 | 38.07 | 25,900 | 680 | 1,396 | 51,988 | 0.280 | 0.74 |
| Germany | 2.77 | 83.90 | 97,544 | 1,163 | 2,086 | 51,204 | 0.296 | 0.50 |
| France | 2.77 | 65.43 | 61,191 | 935 | 2,568 | 43,659 | 0.292 | 0.11 |
| Portugal† | 3.08 | 10.17 | 12,954 | 1,274 | 2,653 | 24,568 | 0.310 | 0.90 |
| Netherlands | 3.35 | 17.17 | 19,296 | 1,124 | 1,338 | 57,768 | 0.304 | 0.30 |
| Slovenia† | 4.00 | 2.08 | 3,054 | 1,469 | 4,536 | 29,291 | 0.246 | 0.10 |
| Spain† | 4.15 | 46.75 | 64,772 | 1,386 | 2,607 | 30,104 | 0.320 | 2.50 |
| Hungary† | 4.57 | 9.63 | 21,413 | 2,223 | 5,065 | 18,728 | 0.286 | 1.80 |
| Estonia† | 4.61 | 1.33 | 2,656 | 2,004 | 2,188 | 27,944 | 0.305 | 1.30 |
| UK† | 5.04 | 68.21 | 114,419 | 1,678 | 3,349 | 46,510 | 0.355 | 0.86 |
| Austria | 5.88 | 9.04 | 17,605 | 1,947 | 2,492 | 53,638 | 0.274 | 0.80 |
| Italy† | 6.11 | 60.37 | 140,448 | 2,327 | 3,164 | 35,658 | 0.330 | 3.05 |
| Croatia† | 6.14 | 4.08 | 11,482 | 2,813 | 4,480 | 17,685 | 0.292 | 1.80 |
| Greece† | 6.47 | 10.37 | 28,619 | 2,760 | 3,593 | 20,193 | 0.308 | 3.40 |
| Latvia† | 6.74 | 1.87 | 6,793 | 3,639 | 3,949 | 21,148 | 0.355 | 2.00 |
| Slovakia† | 7.27 | 5.46 | 14,667 | 2,686 | 3,876 | 21,392 | 0.222 | 1.30 |
| Czechia† | 8.30 | 10.72 | 33,289 | 3,104 | 3,992 | 26,821 | 0.248 | 0.30 |
| Poland† | 8.50 | 37.80 | 128,615 | 3,403 | 3,165 | 18,000 | 0.281 | 1.20 |
| Lithuania† | 8.98 | 2.69 | 12,314 | 4,578 | 3,604 | 23,723 | 0.357 | 1.40 |
| Chile† | 10.89 | 19.21 | 45,805 | 2,384 | 3,207 | 16,265 | 0.460 | 4.40 |
| USA† | 12.08 | 332.92 | 1,220,295 | 3,665 | 3,386 | 70,249 | 0.375 | 1.50 |
| Bulgaria† | 15.76 | 6.90 | 59,067 | 8,565 | 5,567 | 12,222 | 0.408 | 8.20 |
*Excess deaths are calculated from week 1, 2020 until the latest update of available data (Materials and Methods).
†Belongs to the group of more vulnerable countries (see Materials and Methods for definitions).