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. 2023 Dec 9;13:21835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48777-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Combined treatment of CTS and TMZ reversed TMZ resistance of human GBM cells. (A) Validation of TMZ-resistant cell models by qRT-PCR. (B) Validation of TMZ-resistance cell models by western blot analysis. (C,D) Cell viability of each treatment with the indicated concentrations of TMZ and CTS in TMZ-resistant cell models. (E) Representative images (upper panels) and quantification (lower panels) of comet assays in TMZ-resistant cells treated with the indicated concentrations of TMZ and CTS. (F) The combination of CTS and TMZ treatments synergistically induced DNA damage and reversed TMZ resistance, as confirmed by western blot analysis (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05).