Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical features.
| Reference | N | Diagnosis | Age | Sex (F) | Education level | Duration of illness (months) | Age of Onset | Rating scale | Baseline severity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Itil 1981 | 13 | SZ | 49.4 | 0 | Na | 276 | Na | CGI, BPRS | Na |
| Ulrich1988 | 34 | SZ | 32.4 ± 12.1 | 14 | Na | Na | 25 ± 9.3 | BPRS, SZ-specific sub-score | 18.1 ± 7.78 |
| Czobor 1991 | 34 | SZ, SA | 33.8 ± 7.1 | Na | Na | 144 ± 72 | Na | BPRS | 51.1 ± 9.8 |
| Galderisi 1993 | 29 | SZ | 25.3 ± 4.7 | 12 | 8.6 ± 3.5 years | 48 ± 36 | 21.2 ± 3.8 | SANS, SAPS, CPRS | Na |
| Lacroix 1995 | 20 | TRS | 37.2 ± 7 | 10 | Na | 132 ± 60 | Na | BPRS | 71.15 ± 13.92 |
| Risby 1995 | 16 | SZ, SZ | Na | 5 | Na | Na | Na | BPRS | Na |
| Pillay 1996 | 86 | SZ, SA, BD, DM, others | 36.15 ± 10.98 | 48 | Na | Na | Na | CGI, GAF | Na |
| Merlo 1998 | 13 | FEP | 23.4 ± 6.2 | 7 | Na | Na | Na | AMDP | Na |
| Knott 2000 | 17 | TRS | 35.6 ± 8.9 | 1 | 11 ± 3 years | 180 ± 84 | 21 ± 4.5 | PANSS | Na |
| Kang 2001 | 10 | TRS | 31 ± 6.72 | 2 | Na | Na | Na | BPRS | 32 ± 9.1 |
| Gross 2004 | 16 | SZ | 32.6 | 9 | Na | 120 ± nd | Na | PANSSN | 30.3 ± 8.1 |
| PANSSP | 19.3 ± 5.8 | ||||||||
| PANSSG | 53.6 ± 11.4 | ||||||||
| Kikuchi 2005 | 16 | SZ, SZD | 27.3 ± 8.2 | 8 | 13.8 ± na years | 26.6 ± 42.4 | Na | BPRS | 52.6 ± 14.8 |
| Wichniak 2006 | 64 | SZ | 26.76 ± 7.84 | 27 | Na | 36 ± 60 | Na | Clinical judgement | / |
| Sumiyoshi 2006 | 5 | SZ | 39.2 ± 10.8 | 1 | 13.6 ± 2.2 years | 168 ± 84 | Na | BPRS | 14.6 ± 13.6 |
| AVLT | 19.8 ± 10.5 | ||||||||
| GAF | 55 ± 6.1 | ||||||||
| Kikuchi 2007 | 21 | SZ, SZD | 29.5 | 10 | Na | 23.6 | Na | BPRS | 56.2 |
| Khodayari-Rostamabad 2010 | 37 | TRS | 39.12 ± 9.3 | 17 | *3.2 ± 1.48 | Na | 21.2 ± 5 | PANSS, QCA | Na |
| Ravan 2014 | 47 | TRS | 37.3 ± 9.44 | 18 | Na | Na | Na | PANSS | Na |
| Mitra 2015 | 15 | SZ | 28.87 ± 6.81 | 3 |
*1 13.3% 2 46.7% 3 6.7% 6 33.3% |
55.13 | Na | PANSS | 83.87 ± 15.9 |
| PANSSP | 27.13 ± 7.46 | ||||||||
| PANNSN | 21.6 ± 10.3 | ||||||||
| PANSSG | 35.6 ± 8.26 | ||||||||
| Masychev 2020 | 62 | TRS | 37.3 ± 8.9 | 25 | *3 ± 0.78 | Na | 19.75 ± 2.75 | PANSSN | 30.72 ± 4.79 |
| PANSSP | 27.93 ± 5.8 | ||||||||
| PANSSG | 60.45 ± 8.4 | ||||||||
| Arikan 2021 | 24 | BD | 36.75 ± 13.09 | 13 | Na | Na | Na | YMRS | 6.26 ± 7.58 |
| Ciprian 2021 | 57 | TRS | 36.95 ± 922 | 20 | Na | Na | Na | PANSS | Na |
| Dominicus 2023 | 62 | FEP | 23.2 ± 4.7 | 29 |
*1 0% 2 9.7%, 3 61.3%, 4 19.4% |
11 ± 14.3 | Na | PANSS | 74.53 ± 16.97 |
| PANSSN | 27.5 ± 9.01 | ||||||||
| PANSSP | 18.47 ± 6.99 | ||||||||
| PANSSG | 18.57 ± 4.38 |
N number of patients, Na data not available, / not-applicable, AMDP Association of Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry, PANSS positive and negative syndrome scale; PANSSG PANSS general psychopathology scale, PANSSN PANSS negative scale, PANSSP PANSS positive scale, BPRS brief psychiatric rating scale, YMRS Young mania rating scale, AVLT auditory verbal learning test, CGI clinical global impression; GAF global assessment of functioning, SANS scale for the assessment of negative symptoms, SAPS scale for the assessment of positive symptoms, CPRS comprehensive psychopathological rating scale, QCA quantitative clinical assessment questionnaire, TRS treatment-resistant schizophrenia, BD bipolar disorder; FEP first episode of psychosis, SZF schizophreniform disorder, SA schizo-affective disorder, MD major depression. Baseline severity of disease is expressed as the score of the corresponding rating scale, *education level expressed in categories: 1 grade 6 or less, 2 grade 7 to 12 without graduating, 3 graduated high-school, 4 admission to college, 5 graduate 2 years college, 6 graduate 4 years college, 7 part graduated/professional school, 8 completed graduated professional school.