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. 2023 Dec 9;13:382. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02683-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Restricted cubic spline models fitted for Cox proportional hazards models was utilized, and 11 significant non-linear associations were identified. Two dashed vertical lines indicate 25% and 75% values of each exposure. Results were adjusted for age at baseline, sex, ethnicity, education, SBP and DBP. The colors blue, green, red, and purple represent each brain disorder fitting into PD, stroke, dementia, and MDD categories. HR hazard ratio, PD Parkinson’s disease, MDD major depressive disorder.