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. 2023 Dec 9;23:991. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03625-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — LPS and THP-1 showed different immune induction patterns in different time spans. A THP-1 was treated with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 μg/mL LPS, and total RNA was collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expressions were determined by RT-qPCR. IL-6 was up-regulated in all LPS-treated THP-1 cells. IL-8 was up-regulated by LPS at 3–12 h, and this induction was decreased after 12 h. The data were expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicates from three independent experiments. ***, p < 0.0005 compared with LPS 0 μg/mL group; ###, p < 0.0005 compared with LPS 0.01 μg/mL group; ΨΨ, p < 0.005 compare with LPS 0.1 μg/mL group. Two-way ANOVA. B DPCs were treated with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 μg/mL LPS, and total RNA was collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR. IL-6 was up-regulated by LPS at 6 h, and this induction was decreased after 6 h. IL-8 was up-regulated by LPS at 6 and 12 h, and this induction was decreased after 12 h. The data were expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicates from three independent experiments. **, p < 0.005; ***, p < 0.0005 compared with LPS 0 μg/mL group; #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.005 compare with LPS 0.01 μg/mL group; ns, no significance; Ψ, p < 0.05 compare with LPS 0.1 μg/mL group. Two-way ANOVA. C DPCs were cocultured with different ratios of THP-1 cells, and total RNA was collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expressions were determined by RT-qPCR. IL-6 and IL-8 were up-regulated after 12 h, and the induction effects were decreased after 48 h. Furthermore, THP-1: DPCs = 1:2 could continuously induce IL-8 expressions after 48 h. The data were expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicates from three independent experiments. ***, p < 0.0005 compared with THP-1:DPCs = 0:1; ###, p < 0.0005 compared with THP-1: DPCs = 1:10. Two-way ANOVA