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. 2023 Dec 9;23:991. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03625-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — LPS treatment combined THP-1 coculture induced more IL-6, TNF-α and MMP-9 protein expressions. DPCs treated with 0.1 μg/mL LPS alone (labeled as LPS 0.1), coculture with THP-1 cells alone (laneled as THP-1: DPCs = 1:10), or LPS combined THP-1 coculture (labeled as LPS 0.1 + THP-1: DPCs = 1:10). After 24 and 48 h, collect medium and detect IL-6 (A), TNF-α (B), and MMP-9 (C) protein expression by ELISA kits. LPS-combined THP-1 coculture could induce higher IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9 protein expression than LPS or coculture with THP-1 treatment. The data were expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicates from two independent experiments. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.0005 compared with Negative (untreated DPCs); Δ, p < 0.05; ΔΔ, p < 0.005 compare; ΔΔΔ, p < 0.0005 compare with LPS 0.1; #, p < 0.05 compare with THP-1: DPCs = 1:10. Mann–Whitney test