Table 3.
Prevalence of PMDD.
| Author, year, country | Sample characteristics | Age (years) Mean (SD)/range | Study design | Tools | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES | |||||
| Low- and middle-income countries | |||||
| Asia | |||||
| General population | |||||
| Qiao et al., China (40) | 4,715 Population-based study |
18–45 | PMS/PMDD | ACOG recommendation, DRSP for 2 months | PMDD—2.1% PMS—21.1% |
| Pal et al., Pakistan (40) | 402 Population-based study at three cities |
15–49 | PMDD | Checklist of 23 premenstrual symptoms | ICD 10%–79.9% ACOG—12.7% DSM-IV—5.5% |
| Specific group—students | |||||
| Dutta and Sharma, India (38) | 8,542 girls and women | 10–50 | PMS/PMDD Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies, case-control studies or cohort studies |
Penn State Daily Symptom Report; PMS self-Evaluation Questionnaire; PSST—adult and adolescent versions. SCID-PMDD; Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form; Self-screening quiz for PMDD as per the DSM-IV-TR criteria. | Pooled prevalence PMDD 8% (95% CI: 0.60–0.10) PMS 43% (95% CI: 0.35–0.50) High heterogeneity observed. |
| Thakrar et al., India (30) | 661 Medical paramedical students |
19.5 ± 1.5 | PMDD | PSST DRSP |
5.04% students screened positive by PSST and prevalence of PMDD was 4.43% by DRSP |
| Pattanashetty et al., India (33) | 900 High school students |
12–16 | PMDD | Pre-tested, Semi-structured questionnaire | 4.89% |
| Koganti et al., India (35) | 1,800 Medical Students |
18–25 | PMDD | Penn's daily symptom rating scale (self-administered for 2 months) and an interview based on diagnostic and statistical manual—5 diagnostic criteria | 11.11% |
| Durairaj and Ramamurthi, India (9) | 1,112 College students |
17–25 | PMS/PMDD | PSST | Prevalence of moderate to severe PMS was 14.3% and PMDD was 3.7% |
| Bansal et al., India (36) | 592 College students |
21.1 ± 2.6 | PMDD | PSST | The prevalence of PMS/PMDD was 46.1%, out of which 10.2% met the criteria for PMDD |
| Shehadeh and Hamdan-Mansour, Jordan (37) | 858 Students |
22.8± 0.3 | PMDD | DRSP based on DSM-IV | Prevalence of PMDD was 7.7% |
| Africa | |||||
| Specific group—students | |||||
| Duko et al., Ethiopia (29) | 4,993 High school/College university students |
Not specified | PMDD Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies |
PSST DSM-IV DSM-5 ACOG Self-administered questionnaire |
Pooled prevalence—54.5% (95% CI 40.8–67.6) |
| Eldeeb et al., Egypt (31) | 755 students | 21.2 ± 3.7 | PMDD Cross-sectional study |
Questionnaires covering Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (DSM-5) criteria to diagnose PMDD | 21.1% |
| High-income countries | |||||
| Clinical population | |||||
| Ogebe et al. (32) three centres, midwestern United States and two Nigerian cities |
537 Clinical population |
13–21 | PMDD Cross-sectional survey |
Modified version of the PSST | Overall prevalence—4.1% (Maiduguri, Nigeria 6.5%; Lagos, Nigeria 3.1%; Akron, United States—2.9%). No statistically significant difference at the three centres |
| General population | |||||
| Tschudin et al., Switzerland (41) | 3,522 Population-based Health Survey |
15–54 | PMS/PMDD | PSST | Prevalence of PMDD with age group 15–24: 3.0% 25–34: 2.2% 35–44: 3.5% 45–54: 3.7% |
| Dueñas et al., Spain (42) | 2,108 Cross-sectional population-based survey |
15–49 | PMS/PMSS | PSST | PMS 73.7% PMDD 1.1% |
| LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | |||||
| General population | |||||
| Wittchen et al. (43) | 1,488 | 14–24 | Prospective longitudinal community survey Follow-up: 48 months |
Diagnostic assessments—Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and 12-month PMDD diagnostic module administered by clinical interviewers | Baseline 12-month prevalence DSM-IV PMDD 5·8% PMDD syndrome stable across 48 months, <10% complete remissions among baseline PMDD cases |