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Risk factors and protective factors for PMDD.
| Risk factors | Protective factors |
|---|---|
| Past traumatic events (67, 68) | Oral contraceptives (4, 79) (inconsistent) |
| Cigarette smoking (RR of 1.93 for 20 pack-years) (70) | |
| Obesity RR in women with a BMI of 35.0 kg/m2 was 1.66 (71) | |
| Family history of PMS and PMDD (72, 73) | |
| History of postpartum depression (74) Major depression past (75, 76) | |
| Alcohol intake (76) and caffeine consumption (77, 78) (inconsistent) |
