Table 3.
Risk factors for campylobacteriosis with non-Campylobacter AGE control.
| Campylobacteriosis No. (%) | Non-campylobacter AGE control No. (%) | p-value | Univariate (OR 95%CI) | Multivariate (OR 95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 62 | 223 | |||
| Male | 40 (64.52) | 150 (67.26) | 0.685 | ||
| Age (months) | 25.29 ± 16.47 | 23.29 ± 14.85 | 0.471 | ||
| Geographic area | 0.507 | ||||
| Northern | 29 (46.77) | 112 (50.22) | |||
| Central | 6 (9.68) | 24 (10.76) | |||
| Southern | 25 (40.32) | 85 (38.12) | |||
| Eastern | 2 (3.23) | 2 (0.9) | |||
| Parental education attainment | 0.003∗ | ||||
| Both high school or lower | 26 (41.94) | 50 (22.42) | 1 | ||
| At least one with college degree or above | 34 (54.84) | 170 (76.23) | 0.376 (0.203, 0.696)∗ | 0.575 (0.227, 1.450) | |
| One high school or lower, the other unknown | 2 (3.23) | 3 (1.35) | - | - | |
| At least one of the parents is new immigrant | 2 (3.23) | 19 (8.52) | 0.269 | 0.401 (0.091, 1.771) | |
| Rotavirus vaccination (yes vs. no) | 29 (49.15) | 116 (52.25) | 0.672 | 0.892 (0.482, 1.651) | |
| Contact with AGE patients within 1 week (no vs. yes) | 13 (20.97) | 34 (15.81) | 0.341 | 0.775 (0.361, 1.660) | |
| Breastfeeding duration (months) | 6.83 ± 7.60 | 6.87 ± 8.17 | 0.899 | 0.993 (0.957, 1.031) | |
| Public place visited in the recent week | |||||
| Nursery/Kindergarten/After school club/School | 16 (25.81) | 59 (26.58) | 0.903 | 0.764 (0.369, 1.583) | |
| Clinic/Hospital/Nursing home | 25 (40.32) | 132 (59.46) | 0.007∗ | 0.44 (0.234, 0.829)∗ | 0.53 (0.229, 1.230) |
| Contact with animals within 1 week | 23 (37.1) | 58 (26.01) | 0.087 | 1.636 (0.9, 2.974) | |
| Dogs | 19 (30.65) | 45 (20.18) | 0.081 | 1.76 (0.939, 3.3) | |
| Cats | 4 (6.45) | 9 (4.04) | 0.489 | 1.46 (0.387, 5.507) | |
| Family visit or travel abroad within 1 week | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | > 0.99 | - | |
| Hand wash before meals | 0.334 | ||||
| Never | 10 (16.13) | 25 (11.31) | 1 | ||
| Occasional | 43 (69.35) | 148 (66.97) | 0.507 (0.191, 1.346) | ||
| Always | 9 (14.52) | 48 (21.72) | 0.299 (0.089, 1.001) | ||
| Living environment | |||||
| Other children cared for by the mutual primary caregiver had diarrhea or not | 0.063 | ||||
| with diarrhea | 4 (7.14) | 31 (14.62) | 1 | ||
| without diarrhea | 18 (32.14) | 88 (41.51) | 2.192 (0.610, 7.884) | 0.785 (0.135, 4.59) | |
| the primary caregiver did not care for other children | 34 (60.71) | 93 (43.87) | 4.298 (1.215, 15.204)∗ | 2.881 (0.587, 14.13) | |
| Healthy primary caregiver | 61 (98.39) | 187 (85.39) | 0.005∗ | 11.993 (1.528, 94.16)∗ | 7.737 (0.841, 71.15) |
| Primary caregiver prepared food | 5 (11.11) | 52 (30.59) | 0.009∗ | 0.301 (0.109, 0.826)∗ | |
| Care place: restroom occupants | 0.596 | ||||
| < = 5 occupants | 46 (77.97) | 182 (84.65) | 1 | ||
| > 5 occupants | 13 (22.03) | 33 (15.35) | 1.469 (0.676, 3.192) | ||
| Care place: drinking water source | |||||
| Municipal water | 34 (54.84) | 167 (77.31) | < 0.001∗ | 0.292 (0.144, 0.594)∗ | 0.158 (0.049, 0.51)∗ |
| Bottled water | 5 (8.06) | 18 (8.33) | 0.946 | 0.947 (0.323, 2.776) | |
| Water refilling station | 11 (17.74) | 29 (13.43) | 0.393 | 1.432 (0.628, 3.262) | |
| Filtered and boiled water | 60 (100) | 190 (91.79) | 0.016∗ | - | |
| Food eaten in the recent week r | |||||
| Dining out | 41 (66.13) | 146 (65.47) | 0.923 | 1.004 (0.526, 1.914) | |
| Take-out food | 40 (64.52) | 130 (59.09) | 0.441 | 1.285 (0.647, 2.55) | |
| Milk | 10 (16.13) | 23 (10.41) | 0.215 | 1.378 (0.559, 3.393) | |
| Breast milk | 11 (17.74) | 36 (16.29) | 0.786 | 1.076 (0.466, 2.488) | |
| Milk powder | 49 (79.03) | 171 (77.38) | 0.782 | 1.280 (0.618, 2.652) | |
| Goat milk | 3 (4.84) | 4 (1.81) | 0.180 | 3 (0.671, 13.404) | |
| Egg | 46 (74.19) | 157 (71.04) | 0.626 | 1.121 (0.528, 2.381) | |
| Cooked egg | 45 (72.58) | 157 (71.04) | 0.813 | 1.04 (0.5, 2.164) | |
| Raw or half-boiled egg | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | |
| Iced products | 25 (40.32) | 76 (34.23) | 0.376 | 1.141 (0.617, 2.108) | |
| Cold soft drinks | 31 (50) | 114 (51.82) | 0.800 | 0.875 (0.468, 1.635) | |
| Leftovers | 15 (24.19) | 88 (39.82) | 0.024∗ | 0.355 (0.165, 0.761)∗ | 0.607 (0.214, 1.72) |
| Vegetable | 52 (85.25) | 176 (81.86) | 0.538 | 1.205 (0.49, 2.961) | |
| Cabbage | 37 (60.66) | 127 (59.07) | 0.824 | 0.932 (0.491, 1.77) | |
| Carrot | 35 (57.38) | 118 (54.88) | 0.730 | 1.036 (0.561, 1.914) | |
| Corn | 17 (27.87) | 34 (15.81) | 0.032∗ | 2.232 (0.988, 5.041) | 2.38 (0.671, 8.44) |
| Green broccoli | 15 (24.59) | 73 (33.95) | 0.166 | 0.553 (0.272, 1.125) | |
| Fruit | 54 (87.1) | 170 (77.27) | 0.091 | 2.076 (0.83, 5.19) | |
| Apple | 32 (51.61) | 126 (57.27) | 0.428 | 0.805 (0.451, 1.436) | |
| Guava | 15 (24.19) | 33 (15) | 0.089 | 1.758 (0.844, 3.665) | |
| Grape | 14 (22.58) | 37 (16.82) | 0.298 | 1.489 (0.725, 3.056) | |
| Banana | 27 (43.55) | 65 (29.55) | 0.038∗ | 1.760 (0.973, 3.184) | 1.131 (0.433, 2.95) |
| Seafood | 53 (85.48) | 157 (71.04) | 0.022∗ | 3.809 (1.383, 10.49)∗ | 1.968 (0.473, 8.19) |
| Chicken | 33 (53.23) | 113 (51.36) | 0.796 | 1.071 (0.582, 1.971) | |
| Duck | 2 (3.23) | 5 (2.24) | 0.648 | 1.535 (0.246, 9.572) | |
| Goose | 2 (3.23) | 3 (1.35) | 0.299 | 3.153 (0.426, 23.357) | |
| Pork | 43 (69.35) | 155 (69.82) | 0.944 | 0.833 (0.403, 1.72) | |
| Beef | 9 (14.52) | 37 (16.59) | 0.694 | 0.846 (0.363, 1.968) | |