Table 4.

Odds ratio of handgrip strength according to age.¹

	Mean (SD)	Unadjusted			Adjusted
		Non-smoker	Ex-smoker	Current smoker	Non-smoker	Ex-smoker	Current smoker
<40
Mean HGS	41.5 (7.3)	1 (Ref)	0.08 (0.01–0.60)	0.36 (0.18–0.74)	1 (Ref)	0.14 (0.02–1.20)	0.58 (0.22–1.51)
Mean dominant HGS	40.5 (8.1)	1 (Ref)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)	0.38 (0.20–0.70)	1 (Ref)	0.13 (0.02–1.01)	0.66 (0.31–1.42)
40–49
Mean HGS	41.9 (6.9)	1 (Ref)	0.32 (0.11–0.93)	0.33 (0.12–0.91)	1 (Ref)	0.42 (0.12–1.53)	0.37 (0.09–1.53)
Mean dominant HGS	40.8 (8.2)	1 (Ref)	0.64 (0.22–1.86)	0.56 (0.20–1.62)	1 (Ref)	1.60 (0.38–6.69)	0.88 (0.17–4.45)
50–59
Mean HGS	39.7 (6.2)	1 (Ref)	0.41 (0.14–1.19)	0.47 (0.16–1.35)	1 (Ref)	0.41 (0.11–1.46)	0.50 (0.14–1.77)
Mean dominant HGS	38.4 (7.6)	1 (Ref)	0.27 (0.10–0.78)	0.77 (0.33–1.80)	1 (Ref)	0.23 (0.07–0.79)	0.55 (0.19–1.62)
60–69
Mean HGS	36.5 (6.3)	1 (Ref)	0.65 (0.38–1.21)	0.41 (0.18–0.94)	1 (Ref)	0.72 (0.33–1.56)	0.31 (0.11–0.90)
Mean dominant HGS	35.3 (7.4)	1 (Ref)	0.66 (0.38–1.12)	0.54 (0.28–1.05)	1 (Ref)	0.82 (0.42–1.59)	0.51 (0.22–1.18)
≥70
Mean HGS	29.9 (7.1)	1 (Ref)	0.63 (0.47–0.84)	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	1 (Ref)	0.57 (0.39–0.83)	0.43 (0.26–0.72)
Mean dominant HGS	28.5 (8.1)	1(Ref)	0.77 (0.57–1.03)	0.86 (0.59–1.27)	1(Ref)	0.77 (0.53–1.12)	0.50 (0.30–0.85)

¹Adjusted for age, BMI, household income, education level, physical activity, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, stroke, limitation of physical activities. HGS, handgrip strength; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference group.