Fig. 2.

Schematic representation of the experimental setup, featuring the following components: 1. The sonotrode, the tip of which was aligned to a PCB section (inset top-right) within a custom-made tank filled with DES. 2. Photron high-speed camera used to study cavitation development in the vicinity of the tip, with pulsed laser illumination provided via a collimator lens, 3, with FOV depicted (inset bottom-right). 4. Phantom high-speed camera for direct observation of the TCM disk, with objective lens 5, and white light illumination, 6. Typical FOV as depicted (inset top-left). Acoustic detection of cavitation activity was undertaken with a swPCD, denoted by, 7.