Table 1.

Summary of pharmacological agents affecting mitochondrial quality control mechanisms.

Compound	Model	Effect	Reference
Biogenesis
Bortezomib	HeLa cells	Prevention of TFAM degradation. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines and increased survival	Lu et al. (2013) Han et al. (2015)
Bezafibrate	Mice	Upregulation of PGC-1α expression in skeletal and heart muscles	Hondares et al. (2007)
	Fibroblasts from patients with genetic mitochondrial disorders	Restoration of PGC-1α levels, improved mitochondrial copy numbers. Restoration of brain function and protection from oxidative damage by lipid peroxidation	Sirvastava et al. (2009)
	Murine Huntington		Johri et al. (2012)
Resveratrol	Saccharomyces ervisiae	Activation of AMPK resulting in increased cellular NAD + availability allowing for SIRT1 activation	Howitz et al. (2003)
	HepG2 cells/LDL receptor deficient mice		Zang et al. (2006)
Pioglitazone	DM II patients	Upregulation of biogenesis gene expression (PGC-1α, TFAM) and elevated mitochondrial copy numbers	Bogacka et al. (2005)
	CLP mice	Inhibition of inflammatory response via NF-κB activation	Kaplan et al. (2014)
Rosiglitazone	CLP rats	Activation of biogenesis. Improved brain ATP availability, oxygen consumption. Ameliorated long term cognitive impairment	Manfredini et al. (2019)
Mitophagy
Rapamycin	Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats	Promotion of mitophagy via p62 and Parkin mitochondrial translocation	Li et al. (2014)
	U87MG cells	Upregulation of mitophagy gene expression (PINK1, Parkin)	Lenzi et al. (2021)
	Mice	Rescue of mitochondrial myopathy via autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis	Civiletto et al. (2018)
	CLP mice	Reduction of inflammation and suppression of pyroptosis limiting organ damage	Wang et al. (2019)
		Rescue of cognitive impairment via enhanced autophagy	Liu et al. (2017)
Rapamycin/Rilmenidine	CLP rats	Activation of autophagy. Improved brain ATP availability, oxygen consumption. Ameliorated long term cognitive impairment	Manfredini et al. (2019)
Metformin	DM II patients	Reduction of HbA1c levels, mitochondrial oxidative stress and upregulation of PINK1, Parkin	Bhansali et al. (2020)
		Enhanced AMPK activation and reversed pro inflammatory cytokine signalling	Marañón et al. (2022)
Nicotinamide riboside (NR)	Human fibroblasts	Promotion of mitophagy and sirtuin activation	Jang et al. (2012)
	LPS mice	Elevation of NAD+, reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3.	Hong et al. (2018)
Melatonin	Human mesenchymal stem cells	Enhanced mitophagy via expression of HSPLA	Yoon et al. (2019)
	Mouse granulose cells	Repression of mitophagy	Jiang et al. (2021)
	Septic newborns	Reduction of lipid peroxidation products (MDA, 4-HAD)	Gitto et al. (2001)
Prohibitin 1 (PHB1)	PHB1 deficient mice/Crohn's disease patients/Mode-K cells	Induction of mitophagy via Nix/Bnip3L (Parkin independent)	Alula et al. (2023)
	Sepsis patient material	Regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and management of cytoplasmic mtDNA levels.	Chen et al. (2023)
	LPS treated HL-1 cardiomyocytes	Enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses	Mattox et al. (2021)
	LPS mice	Mitigation of inflammation. Restoration of ATP production and cardiac contractility.	Mattox et al. (2021)
Fission/Fusion
Procynidin	LPS mice	Increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation, reduction in ROS, increased fusion-to-fission ratio.	Liu et al. (2020)
	LPS treated lung tissue and lung epithelial cells	Limitation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis	Ning et al. (2022)
	Streptozotocin mice	Promotion of SIRT3 dependent SOD2 deacetylation.	Liu et al. (2017)