TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | AD [59] | aMCI [30] | NC [54] | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64.07 ± 9.99 | 68.07 ± 8.78 | 66.20 ± 6.88 | 0.109 |
| Education, years | 10.85 ± 3.72 | 12.43 ± 3.43 | 12.07 ± 2.82 | 0.055 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.51 ± 3.13 | 23.50 ± 2.75 | 24.72 ± 2.96 | 0.065 |
| Gender(female), n (%) | 36 (61.02%) | 19 (63.33%) | 34 (62.96%) | 0.968 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 19 (32.20%) | 15 (50.00%) | 23 (42.59%) | 0.235 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 6 (10.17%) | 2 (6.67%) | 7 (12.96%) | 0.662 |
| Hyperlipemia, n (%) | 12 (20.34%) | 6 (20.00%) | 18 (33.33%) | 0.216 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 4 (6.78%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (7.41%) | 0.365 |
| CHD, n (%) | 4 (6.78%) | 6 (20.00%) | 3 (5.56%) | 0.063 |
| Aspirin intake, n (%) | 7 (11.86%) | 4 (13.33%) | 10 (18.52%) | 0.591 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.77 ± 0.83 | 2.96 ± 0.71 | 2.90 ± 0.97 | 0.56 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 1.38 ± 0.26 | 1.43 ± 0.33 | 0.592 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.68 ± 1.00 | 4.91 ± 0.75 | 4.97 ± 0.92 | 0.212 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.46 ± 0.82 | 1.75 ± 0.75 | 1.73 ± 0.96 | 0.158 |
| MMSE | 17.69 ± 5.83& | 25.70 ± 3.22# | 28.37 ± 1.36* | <0.001 |
| MoCA | 12.92 ± 5.90& | 21.33 ± 3.87# | 25.72 ± 2.05* | <0.001 |
| Immediate recall | 13.24 ± 4.44& | 19.17 ± 5.50# | 27.33 ± 3.03* | <0.001 |
| BNT | 18.51 ± 4.75& | 20.90 ± 4.23# | 26.02 ± 2.27* | <0.001 |
| Forward digit span | 7.68 ± 1.27& | 8.43 ± 1.14 | 8.19 ± 0.73* | 0.003 |
| Backward digit span | 4.07 ± 1.38 | 4.70 ± 1.18 | 4.87 ± 0.99* | 0.002 |
| Delayed recall | 0.00 (0.00–1.00)& | 1.00 (1.00–5.50)# | 10.00 (10.00–11.00)* | <0.001 |
| Long‐delayed recognition | 4.00 (2.50–6.00)& | 6.00 (4.00–9.00)# | 13.00 (13.00–13.00)* | <0.001 |
Note: One‐way ANOVA was used for comparing continuous variables among three groups, followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc multiple comparison test. The chi‐square test was used for comparing categorical variables among the three groups. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for comparing non‐normally distributed data among the three groups, and the Steel–Dwass test was used for post hoc analysis.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; BMI: body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NC, normal control; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
*p < 0.05, AD versus NC; # p < 0.05, aMCI versus NC; & p < 0.05, AD versus aMCI.