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. 2023 Nov 27;14:1292568. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292568

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Copyright © 2023 Rosati, Terpos, Homan, Bergamaschi, Karaliota, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, Devasundaram, Bear, Burns, Bagratuni, Trougakos, Dimopoulos, Pavlakis and Felber

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Association of biomarkers and vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. Univariate correlations of log2 fold changes of selected cytokines (IL-15, IFN-γ, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1β, IL-1Ra) after the (A) 2^nd vaccination (d23 vs d22) and (B) 3^rd vaccination (M9 + 1d vs M9) and levels of anti-Spike (WA1) NAb, measured at d36 and M10, respectively. Spearman r and p values are given (calculated in R). Note the different scales of the X-axis after the 2^nd and 3^rd vaccination, with a tighter spread of NAb responses after the 3^rd vaccination. (C) Pairwise Spearman correlations for analytes with positive correlations between cytokine fold changes and NAb titers against WA1 after the 2^nd and 3^rd vaccination and NAb titers against BA.1 after the 3^rd vaccination. Significant correlations (p-value < 0.05) are represented by circles whose size and coloring correspond to the value of the Spearman correlation r values (calculated in R). (D) Univariate correlations of log2 fold changes of selected cytokines (IL-15, IFN-γ, CCL2/MCP-1) after the 3^rd vaccination (M9 + 1d vs M9) and levels of anti-Spike BA.1 NAb, measured at M10. Spearman r and p values are given (calculated in R).