Table 4. t-tests for each item-writing flaw.

IWF	t score	Sig	Item mean (flawed)	Item mean (unflawed)	Hypothesised effect	Actual effect
1	1.919	.056	0.6132	0.5745	Negative	Nil
2	1.997	. 047	0.6623	0.6185	Positive	Positive
3	-1.798	.073	0.5038	0.5395	Positive	Nil
4	-1.389	.166	0.4943	0.5178	Negative	Nil
5	4.684	. 000	0.6073	0.5032	Negative	Positive
6	1.292	.198	0.5815	0.6094	Negative	Nil
7	7.013	. 000	0.5083	0.6396	Negative	Negative
8	.713	.477	0.4720	0.4868	Nil	Nil
9	-3.636	. 000	0.7134	0.6302	Positive	Positive
10	-2.236	. 026	0.5146	0.4698	Positive	Positive