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. 2023 Dec 11;27:130. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00468-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Endogenous modification methods for EV engineering using inflammation related factors. A The activation and functional changes of MSC preconditioned with inflammation related factors. Reproduced with permission from [14]. Copyright 2021 MDPI. B The mechanism of functional enhancements of MSC-derived EV preconditioned with INF-γ. Reproduced with permission from [65]. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature. C The TNF-α preconditioning effects on the process of MSC-derived EV production. Reproduced with permission from [66]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier