. 2023 Dec 11;20:165. doi: 10.1186/s12984-023-01290-w

Table 5.

Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)

Outcomes	Number of participants (studies)	Risk of bias^a	Inconsistency^b	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)
Aspiration and penetration-degree	273 (8 RCTs)	Moderate	Very low	Low	Low	None	⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate

Outcomes

Number of participants (studies)

Risk of bias^a

Inconsistency^b

Indirectness

Imprecision

Other considerations

Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)

Aspiration and penetration-degree

273 (8 RCTs)

Moderate

Very low

Low

None

⨁⨁⨁◯

Moderate

RCT: randomized clinical trial; SMD: standardized mean difference

^aThe average risk of bias of the studies according to the RoB tool

^bLow methodological and statistical heterogeneity among trials (I² < 25%)

⊕: very low; ⊕⊕: low; ⨁⨁⨁◯: moderate; ⊕⊕⊕⊕: high