Figure 2.

Increased cortical neuron production and delayed spinogenesis in TG monkeys. (A–B) Nissl staining of the V1 cortex in the 2-year-old TG and WT monkeys. The zoomed-in images are presented for both the TG and the WT monkeys (scale bar, 100 μm, 5 mm). (C) Quantification of cell numbers of the V1 cortex in a 200-μm-wide region. The data include two monkeys from each group (TG or WT), and six regions per monkey (unpaired Student's t test, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). (D) Quantification of cell abundance of the V1 cortex in a 200-μm-wide region. The data include two monkeys from each group (TG or WT), and six regions per monkey (unpaired Student's t test, n.s. P > 0.05, **P < 0.01). (E–F) Immunofluorescent staining of SATB2 and CTIP2, combined with DAPI was performed for the TG and WT neocortex at the position where cortical thickness was measured. (E) E110, (F) E133 (scale bar, 100 μm). (G–I) Quantification of the SATB2⁺ neurons and the CTIP2⁺ neurons normalized by DAPI⁺ at (G) E80, (H) E110 and (I) E133 in a 200-μm-wide region of the TG and WT neocortex, including 4–6 sections per group (unpaired Student's t test, ***P < 0.001). (J) Schematic diagram showing the brain lateral view of the sampled 2-year-old macaques. The dashed-line boxes indicate the analyzed coronal section. The image of Alexa-Fluor-568-filled neurons in the monkey brain slice is shown (scale bar, 100 μm). (K–L) Summary data of the density of apical dendritic spines and subtypes of filopodia (immature), thin (immature), stubby (mature) and mushroom (mature) of the L2/3 pyramidal neurons in the (K) S1 and (L) PFC. The pictures of the analyzed dendrites are shown in the colored boxes. The data were from two TG monkeys and two WT controls, including 7–9 dendrites per monkey (unpaired Student's t test, *P < 0.05, n.s. no significance. Scale bar, 10 μm).