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. 2023 Nov 3;10(11):nwad281. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwad281

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals a neotenic gene expression pattern in the TG monkeys. (A) The schematic view of the procedure of filtering the temporal DEGs (tDEGs) in the CP. (B) Heatmap showing the expression patterns of the classified five clusters. (C) The temporal expression pattern of genes in CP Cluster-3. The gradient color indicates the range of gene membership values. The embedded graph is the temporal expression pattern of Module 1. The orange line shows the neotenic human expression tendency, modified from Liu et al. [40]. (D) Comparison of the percentages of genes in CP Cluster-3, Module 1, and the background control that is associated with the three KEGG pathways. The P-value indicates whether the percentage of KEGG-pathway-related genes is significantly enriched in the gene sets compared with the background control (hypergeometric test, ***P < 0.001, n.s. no significance). (E) GO enrichment gene counts of CP Cluster-3, covering molecular function (MF), biological process (BP) and cellular component (CC). (F) The five overlapped genes between Module 1 and CP Cluster-3. (G) Validation of the CPNE6 expression level by RT-qPCR (two-tailed Students’ t test, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, n.s. no significance). (H) The temporal expression pattern of genes in CP Cluster-5. The gradient color indicates the range of gene membership values. (I) GO enrichment gene counts of the biological process (BP) of CP Cluster-5.