Table 1.
Descriptive information and assessments (means and standard deviations) by group.
| Information | TH-K (n = 30) | HA-K (n = 22) | CI-K (n = 21) | TH-1 (n = 16) | HA-1 (n = 9) | CI-1 (n = 11) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male: 14 Female: 16 |
Male: 16 Female: 6 |
Male: 10 Female: 11 |
Male: 5 Female: 11 |
Male: 3 Female: 6 |
Male: 4 Female: 7 |
| Race and ethnicity | White: 24 Asian: 0 Black: 2 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0 Hispanic or Latinx: 2 Prefer not to respond: 4 |
White: 17 Asian: 3 Black: 1 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 1 Hispanic or Latinx: 2 Prefer not to respond: 0 |
White: 19 Asian: 1 Black: 1 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0 Hispanic or Latinx: 0 Prefer not to respond: 0 |
White: 14 Asian: 1 Black: 0 Hispanic or Latinx: 1 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0 Prefer not to respond: 1 |
White: 7 Asian: 0 Black: 2 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0 Hispanic or Latinx: 3 Prefer not to respond: 0 |
White: 10 Asian: 0 Black: 0 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0 Hispanic or Latinx: 2 Prefer not to respond: 1 |
| Caregiver education | 18.00 years (2.18) | 16.98 years (1.80) | 17.48 years (2.14) | 17.25 years (2.65) | 17.22 years (3.11) | 15.27 years (2.05) |
| TELD-3 Spoken Language Quotient | 117.13 (9.30) | 104.55 (20.66) | 94.33 (18.68) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CELF-5 Core Language | N/A | N/A | N/A | 112.00 (13.46)a | 93.71 (11.15)a | 95.00 (18.87)a |
| EOWPVT-4 | 120.67 (11.42) | 110.50 (19.94)a | 103.11 (15.20)a | 121.40 (12.43)a | 99.29 (17.66)a | 104.09 (11.95) |
| PPVT-4 | 112.40 (13.77) | 96.65 (17.11)a | 89.44 (13.35)a | 109.80 (11.53)a | 95.57 (16.33)a | 95.91 (9.90) |
| ESP | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.91 (0.42) | 3.95 (0.21) | 4.00 (0.00) | 4.00 (0.00)a | 4.00 (0.00)a |
Note. TH-K = children with typical hearing, early kindergarten group; HA-K = children with hearing aids, early kindergarten group; CI-K = children with cochlear implants, early kindergarten group; TH-1 = children with typical hearing, post–first-grade group; HA-1 = children with hearing aids, post–first-grade group; CI-1 = children with cochlear implants, post–first-grade group; TELD-3 = Test of Early Language Development–Third Edition (Hresko et al., 1999); N/A = not available; CELF-5 = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition; EOWPVT-4 = Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition; ESP = Early Speech Perception Test (Geers & Moog, 2012).
Missing scores due to testing time constraints (HA-K: two participants for EOWPVT-4, three participants for PPVT-4; CI-K: two participants for EOWPVT-4, three participants for PPVT-4; TH-1: one participant for EOWPVT-4, PPVT-4, CELF-5; HA-1: two participants for EOWPVT-4, PPVT-4, CELF-5, and one participant for ESP; CI-1: one participant for ESP).