FIGURE 2.

Effects of folic acid (FA) on mitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels and function in patient‐derived dopaminergic neurons (MD‐DNs). (A) Cytosolic (upper panel) and mitochondrial (lower panel) Ca²⁺ levels in DNs were measured using Fluo‐4 AM and Rhod2‐AM, respectively. The mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) was obtained from four (cytosolic Ca²⁺) or three (mitochondrial Ca²⁺) independent experiments. (B) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity, and ATP levels were measured. The mean ± SEM was obtained from three independent experiments. n.s., not significant.