FIGURE 4.

Knockdown effects of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) on mitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels and function in patient‐derived dopaminergic neurons (MD‐DNs). Dental pulp stem cells were transfected with negative control‐ and α‐syn‐siRNA (α‐syn‐siR) and differentiated into DNs. (A) α‐syn expression in DNs was measured by western blotting. The mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) was obtained from four independent experiments. (B) Mitochondrial Ca²⁺, membrane potential, and ROS levels were measured. The mean ± SEM was obtained from four (mitochondrial Ca²⁺) or three (membrane potential and ROS levels) independent experiments. n.s., not significant.