FIGURE 6.

TRPV4 antagonist, but not folic acid (FA), blocked Ca²⁺ entry and AKT phosphorylation in patient‐derived dopaminergic neurons (MD‐DNs). Dental pulp stem cells were differentiated into DNs in the absence or presence of TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 (GSK) or FA. (A) Cytosolic (upper panel) and mitochondrial (bottom panel) Ca²⁺ levels in DNs were measured using Fluo‐4 AM and Rhod2‐AM, respectively. The mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) was obtained from three independent experiments. (B) AKT with Ser‐473 phosphorylation (p‐AKT S473) and α‐syn levels of DNs in the absence or presence of GSK were measured using western blotting. The mean ± SEM was obtained from three independent experiments. (C) p‐AKT S473 levels of DNs in the absence or presence of FA were measured using western blotting. The mean ± SEM was obtained from four independent experiments. n.s., not significant.