Fig. 5.

Effect of RFLE on BV-2 microglial cell viability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered production of pro-inflammatory mediators. BV-2 cells were pretreated with the indicated doses of RFLE for 6 hours and further treated with or without 1 μg/ml LPS. After 18 hours, (A) cell viability and the released amounts of (B) nitric oxide, (C) TNF-α, and (D) IL-6 were evaluated. In all graphs, values are presented as mean±SEM (***P<0.001 vs. LPS-untreated control; ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, and ^###P<0.001 vs. RFLE-untreated). RFLE, Rubus fruticosus leaf extract; NO, nitric oxide; TNF-α, tissue necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6.