Table 2.
Zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and assemblages identified in dogs globally.
| Species/Assemblage | Hosts | Prevalence | Country | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cryptosporidium | ||||
| C. canis | Shelter & domestic dogs | 0.3% (4/1400) | Australia | Palmer et al. (2008a,b) |
| Wild dogs | 20.5% (9/44) | Australia | Ng et al. (2011) | |
| Wild dogs | 3.1% (1/32) | Australia | Nolan et al. (2013) | |
| Wild dogs | 100% (2/2) | Australia | Zahedi et al. (2018) | |
| Cryptosporidium-positive dogs | 100% (5/5) | Australia, USA | Morgan et al. (2000b) | |
| Cryptosporidium-positive domestic dogs | 100% (9/9) | Brazil | Thomaz et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.1% (4/128) | Brazil | Alves et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.7% (3/64) | Brazil | de Oliveira et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | 1.9% (4/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| Various | 1.7% (5/294) | Canada | Julien et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.3% (3/860) | Canada | Smith et al. (2020) | |
| Various | 3.8% (29/770) | China | Jian et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (5/315) | China | Gu et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 8.0% (39/485) | China | Xu et al. (2016) | |
| Dogs with diarrhoea | 4.1% (20/485) | China | Yu et al. (2018) | |
| Various | 2.9% (19/651) | China | Liao et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.6% (12/262) | China | Wang et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (10/604) | China | Cao et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.8% (4/218) | Egypt | Elmahallawy et al. (2023) | |
| Stray & domestic dogs | 5.0% (15/300) | Egypt | Khalifa et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.0% (3/150) | Finland | Rimhanen-Finne et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.6% (3/116) | France | Osman et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 9.4% (33/349) | Germany | Murnik et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.2% (2/807) | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.6% (2/315) | Iran | Homayouni et al. (2019) | |
| Kennel & domestic dogs | 0.4% (1/240) | Italy | Giangaspero et al. (2006) | |
| Kennel dogs | 1.0% (3/285) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.1% (1/705) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 9.3% (13/140) | Japan | Abe et al. (2002) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.1% (1/906) | Japan | Yamamoto et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.9% (3/77) | Japan | Yoshiuchi et al. (2010) | |
| Kennel dogs | 21.1% (66/314) | Japan | Itoh et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dog | 100% (1/1) | Nigeria | Ayinmode et al. (2018a) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.1% (3/264) | Poland | Piekara-Stępińska et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.6% (2/55) | Spain | de Lucio et al. (2017) | |
| Shelter dogs | 2.6% (5/194) | Spain | Gil et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (4/252) | Spain | Mateo et al. (2023) | |
| Temple dogs | 2.1% (2/95) | Thailand | Koompapong et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 13.8% (15/109) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 2.6% (8/301) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2020) | |
| Monastery dogs | 0.7% (4/540) | Thailand | Khine et al. (2021) | |
| Shelter dogs | 4.2% (28/676) | UK | Rosanowski et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (1/129) | USA | Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.8% (4/84) | USA | Scorza and Lappin (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 33.3% (1/3) | Vietnam | Iwashita et al. (2021) | |
| C. hominis | Wild dogs | 2.3% (1/44) | Australia | Ng et al. (2011) |
| Shelter dogs | 0.5% (1/194) | Italy | Gil et al. (2017) | |
| C. parvum | Domestic dogs | 1.6% (2/128) | Brazil | Alves et al. (2018) |
| Domestic dogs | 3.1% (2/64) | Brazil | de Oliveira et al. (2021) | |
| Various | 0.3% (2/651) | China | Liao et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.7% (1/58) | Costa Rica | Scorza et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 50.0% (1/2) | Czech Republic | Hajdušek et al. (2004) | |
| Stray dogs | 10.0% (2/20) | Egypt | El-Madawy et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.0% (5/50) | Egypt | Gharieb et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.2% (1/81) | Germany | Sotiriadou et al. (2013) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.6% (2/349) | Germany | Murnik et al. (2022) | |
| Kennel & privately-owned dogs | 2.9% (7/240) | Italy | Giangaspero et al. (2006) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (10/705) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2017) | |
| Street dogs | 1.5% (3/203) | Nigeria | Ayinmode et al. (2018b) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (2/264) | Poland | Piekara-Stępińska et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.4% (1/252) | Spain | Mateo et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic dogs | 6.4% (7/109) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.3% (1/301) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2020) | |
| Farm dog | 100% (1/1) | UK | Smith et al. (2010) | |
| Shelter dogs | 0.3% (2/676) | UK | Rosanowski et al. (2018) | |
| C. muris | Wide range | 0.2% (1/601) | China | Li et al. (2019b) |
| Street dogs | 1.0% (2/203) | Nigeria | Ayinmode et al. (2018b) | |
| Kennel dogs | 8.6% (6/70) | USA | Lupo et al. (2008) | |
| C. scrofarum | Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.1% (1/807) | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) |
| C. meleagridis | Domestic dogs | 50.0% (1/2) | Czech Republic | Hajdušek et al. (2004) |
|
C. ubiquitum |
Wide range |
0.4% (1/267) |
China |
Li et al. (2015) |
| Giardia | ||||
| Assemblage A | Domestic dogs | 13.8% (5/36) | Argentina | Kuthyar et al. (2021) |
| Shelter & domestic dogs | 0.07% (1/1400) | Australia | Palmer et al. (2008a, b) | |
| Wild dogs | 6.8% (3/44) | Australia | Ng et al. (2011) | |
| Wild dogs | 3.1% (1/32) | Australia | Nolan et al. (2013) | |
| Various | 3.5% (40/1159) | Belgium | Claerebout et al. (2009) | |
| Stray dogs | 36.8% (7/19) | Brazil | Volotão et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive stray dogs | 100% (60/60) | Brazil | Fantinatti et al. (2018) | |
| Dogs from a remote indigenous community | 8.4% (13/155) | Canada | Himsworth et al. (2010) | |
| Dogs in indigenous communities | 13.8% (32/231) | Canada | Schurer et al. (2012) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | 1.4% (3/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.4% (5/209) | China | Li et al. (2012) | |
| Police & farm dogs | 12.2% (25/205) | China | Li et al. (2013) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.2% (7/216) | China | Zheng et al. (2014) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 40.0% (8/20) | China | Tan et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.7% (23/485) | China | Xu et al. (2016) | |
| Stray dogs | 4.9% (26/527) | China | Pan et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.2% (1/604) | China | Cao et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 18.2% (2/11)b | Côte dʼIvoire | Berrilli et al. (2012) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic & kennel dogs | 2.7% (2/96) | Croatia | Beck et al. (2012) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.2% (10/98) | Cuba | Puebla et al. (2017) | |
| Stray & domestic dogs | 0.6% (2/300) | Egypt | Khalifa et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 22.8% (137/600) | Europe | Sprong et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 60.0% (33/55) | Germany | Leonhard et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 6.2% (5/81) | Germany | Sotiriadou et al. (2013) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 19.5% (24/123) | Germany | Pallant et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (2/376) | Germany | Sommer et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 6.5% (2/31) | Germany | Rehbein et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.3% (9/386) | Germany | Murnik et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.9% (7/807)a | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.9% (5/101) | India | Traub et al. (2004) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (1/212) | India | Utaaker et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.3% (1/315) | Iran | Homayouni et al. (2019) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 11.8% (2/17) | Italy | Berrilli et al. (2004) | |
| Domestic & kennel dogs | 0.8% (2/240) | Italy | Paoletti et al. (2008) | |
| Domestic dogs | 6.3% (8/127) | Italy | Scaramozzino et al. (2009) | |
| Stray dogs | 64.3% (9/14) | Italy | Marangi et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.3% (2/655) | Italy | Pipia et al. (2014) | |
| Sheltered dogs | 3.6% (7/194) | Italy | Gil et al. (2017) | |
| Shelter dogs | 9.5% (16/168) | Italy | Agresti et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 19.5% (44/225) | Jamaica | Lee et al. (2017) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 66.6% (14/21) | Japan | Itagaki et al. (2005) | |
| Shelter dogs | 1.0% (2/202) | Korea | Shin et al. (2015) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 100% (2/2) | Mexico | Ponce-Macotela et al. (2002) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 100% (11/11) | Mexico | Eligio-Garcia et al. (2005) | |
| Puppies | 100% (5/5) | Mexico | Lalle et al. (2005b) | |
| Various | 1.1% (2/189) | Netherlands | Uiterwijk et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.5% (2/58) | Nicaragua | Roegner et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (5/348) | Spain | Adell-Aledon et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.4% (1/252) | Spain | Mateo et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 3.6% (1/28) | Sweden | Lebbad et al. (2010) | |
| Temple dogs | 2.2% (5/229) | Thailand | Inpankaew et al. (2007) | |
| Temple dogs | 14.4% (33/229) | Thailand | Traub et al. (2009) | |
| Monastery dogs | 0.4% (2/540) | Thailand | Khine et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.7% (1/152) | The Netherlands | Overgaauw et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive shelter dogs | 2.4% (1/41) | UK | Upjohn et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.9% (1/52) | UK | Krumrie et al. (2022) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 11.1% (1/9) | Unknown | Read et al. (2004) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 28.0% (36/128) | USA | Covacin et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 13.3% (16/120) | USA | Munoz and Mayer (2016) | |
| Assemblage B | Domestic dog | 100% (1/1) | Argentina | Minvielle et al. (2008) |
| Various | 0.3% (4/1159) | Belgium | Claerebout et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.1% (1/32) | Brazil | Colli et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.2% (2/94) | Cambodia | Inpankaew et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.9% (6/315) | China | Gu et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.2% (1/485) | China | Xu et al. (2016) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic & kennel dogs | 23.3% (17/96) | Croatia | Beck et al. (2012) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 8.8% (53/600) | Europe | Sprong et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 6.5% (8/123) | Germany | Pallant et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 5.7% (46/807) | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.0% (2/101) | India | Traub et al. (2004) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (1/212) | India | Utaaker et al. (2018) | |
| Kennel dogs | 0.3% (1/318) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2015) | |
| Sheltered dogs | 4.1% (8/194) | Italy | Gil et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.1% (1/705) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2017) | |
| Shelter dogs | 3.6% (6/168) | Italy | Agresti et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 8.6% (5/58) | Nicaragua | Roegner et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (1/128) | Poland | Piekarska et al. (2016) | |
| Household & kennel dogs | 1.6% (2/126) | Portugal | Ferreira et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.3% (8/348) | Spain | Adell-Aledon et al. (2018) | |
| Temple dogs | 3.9% (9/229) | Thailand | Traub et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.8% (51/473) | Turkey | Gultekin et al. (2017) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 22.2% (2/9) | Unknown | Read et al. (2004) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 40.6% (52/128) | USA | Covacin et al. (2011) | |
| Assemblage C | Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 90.9% (10/11) | Australia | Monis et al. (1998, 2003) |
| Shelter & domestic dogs | 2.9% (41/1400) | Australia | Palmer et al. (2008a, b) | |
| Wild dogs | 11.4% (5/44) | Australia | Ng et al. (2011) | |
| Shelter dogs | 1.4% (1/70) | Austria | Joachim et al. (2023) | |
| Various | 2.2% (26/1159) | Belgium | Claerebout et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 29.9% (7/27) | Brazil | Souza et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.1% (1/32) | Brazil | Colli et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (2/147) | Brazil | Paim Arruda Trevisan et al. (2020) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 16.6% (2/12) | Brazil | Silva et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.3% (4/94) | Cambodia | Inpankaew et al. (2014) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 30.6% (23/75) | Canada | McDowall et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | 4.8% (10/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| Various | 0.7% (2/294) | Canada | Julien et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (14/860) | Canada | Smith et al. (2020) | |
| Police & farm dogs | 1.0% (2/205) | China | Li et al. (2013) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (1/216) | China | Zheng et al. (2014) | |
| Wide range | 2.6% (7/267) | China | Li et al. (2015) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 25.0% (5/20) | China | Tan et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.4% (26/485) | China | Xu et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 15.8% (3/19) | China | Liu et al. (2017) | |
| Stray dogs | 5.7% (9/159) | China | Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| Stray dogs | 3.4% (18/527) | China | Pan et al. (2018) | |
| Wide range | 4.5% (27/601) | China | Li et al. (2019b) | |
| Various | 0.8% (5/651) | China | Liao et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.5% (4/262) | China | Wang et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.3% (14/604) | China | Cao et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.9% (13/448) | China | Sui et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.8% (4/105) | China | Wu et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.0% (3/100) | Colombia | Hernandez et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 9.1% (1/11) | Côte dʼIvoire | Berrilli et al. (2012) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic & kennel dogs | 36.9% (27/73) | Croatia | Beck et al. (2012) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 38.8% (21/54) | Czech Republic | Lecová et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 3.0% (50/1645) | Eastern European countries | Sommer et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (1/218) | Egypt | Elmahallawy et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 31.8% (191/600) | Europe | Sprong et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.0% (3/150) | Finland | Rimhanen-Finne et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive dogs | 76.9% (30/39) | France | Kaufmann et al. (2022) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 35.9% (33/92) | Germany | Barutzki et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 36.4% (20/55)b | Germany | Leonhard et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 42.3% (52/123) | Germany | Pallant et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.1% (38/376) | Germany | Sommer et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.2% (1/31) | Germany | Rehbein et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 11.2% (43/386) | Germany | Murnik et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 5.7% (46/807) | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.2% (5/229) | Hungary | Szénási et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.2% (9/212) | India | Utaaker et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.9% (3/315) | Iran | Homayouni et al. (2019) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 64.7% (11/17) | Italy | Berrilli et al. (2004) | |
| Domestic & kennel dogs | 1.2% (3/240) | Italy | Paoletti et al. (2008) | |
| Domestic dogs | 11.0% (14/127) | Italy | Scaramozzino et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.6% (17/655) | Italy | Pipia et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.4% (6/253) | Italy | Zanzani et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.0% (15/502) | Italy | Paoletti et al. (2015) | |
| Kennel dogs | 17.2% (49/285) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.3% (9/705) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2017) | |
| Stray dogs | 2.3% (6/262) | Italy | Liberato et al. (2018) | |
| Dogs with primary chronic enteropathy | 2.2% (1/47) | Italy | Perrucci et al. (2020) | |
| Shelter dogs | 1.2% (2/168) | Italy | Agresti et al. (2021) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 4.8% (1/21) | Japan | Itagaki et al. (2005) | |
| Pet shop puppies | 0.5% (9/1794) | Japan | Itoh et al. (2011) | |
| Shelter dogs | 0.5% (1/202) | Korea | Shin et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (9/640) | Korea | Kim et al. (2019) | |
| Various | 9.0% (17/189) | Netherlands | Uiterwijk et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.0% (2/100) | Nicaragua | Lebbad et al. (2008) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.2% (3/58) | Nicaragua | Roegner et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.5% (9/605) | Peru | Cooper et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.7% (1/148) | Poland | Solarczyk and Majewska (2010) | |
| Sled dogs | 8.0% (2/25) | Poland | Bajer et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 14.0% (18/128) | Poland | Piekarska et al. (2016) | |
| Household & kennel dogs | 11.9% (15/126) | Portugal | Ferreira et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.7% (3/80) | Portugal | Pereira et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 20.5% (8/39) | Romania | Adriana et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.4% (3/55) | Spain | de Lucio et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.3% (2/348) | Spain | Adell-Aledon et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (4/252) | Spain | Mateo et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 28.6% (8/28) | Sweden | Lebbad et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.4% (1/42) | Taiwan | Liang et al. (2012) | |
| Stray dogs | 5.9% (7/118) | Taiwan | Tseng et al. (2014) | |
| Temple dogs | 0.4% (1/229) | Thailand | Inpankaew et al. (2007) | |
| Temple dogs | 2.2% (5/229) | Thailand | Traub et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 7.3% (8/109) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.3% (1/301) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2020) | |
| Monastery dogs | 1.3% (7/540) | Thailand | Khine et al. (2021) | |
| Stray dogs | 3.8% (4/104) | Trinidad and Tobago | Mark-Carew et al. (2013) | |
| Giardia-positive shelter dogs | 24.4% (10/41) | UK | Upjohn et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 19.2% (10/52) | UK | Krumrie et al. (2022) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 44.4% (4/9) | Unknown | Read et al. (2004) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 100% (15/15) | USA | Sulaiman et al. (2003) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 33.3% (1/3) | USA | Miska et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 14.8% (19/128) | USA | Covacin et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (1/129) | USA | Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Shelter dogs | 0.1% (1/672)b | USA | Johansen et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.8% (10/209) | Vietnam | Nguyen et al. (2018) | |
| Assemblage D | Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 9.1% (10/11) | Australia | Monis et al. (1998, 2003) |
| Shelter & domestic dogs | 3.1% (44/1400) | Australia | Palmer et al. (2008a, b) | |
| Various | 4.2% (49/1159) | Belgium | Claerebout et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 74.1% (20/27) | Brazil | Souza et al. (2007) | |
| Kennel dogs | 16.5% (16/97) | Brazil | Fava et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.3% (4/94) | Cambodia | Inpankaew et al. (2014) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 68.0% (51/75) | Canada | McDowall et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | 9.1% (19/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| Various | 1.0% (3/294) | Canada | Julien et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.5% (13/860) | Canada | Smith et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 8.6% (18/209) | China | Li et al. (2012) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (1/216) | China | Zheng et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.3% (4/315) | China | Gu et al. (2015) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 35.0% (7/20) | China | Tan et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 11.9% (58/485) | China | Xu et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 15.8% (3/19) | China | Liu et al. (2017) | |
| Stray dogs | 5.7% (9/159) | China | Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| Stray dogs | 2.5% (13/527) | China | Pan et al. (2018) | |
| Dogs with diarrhoea | 3.1% (15/485) | China | Yu et al. (2018) | |
| Wide range | 4.3% (26/601) | China | Li et al. (2019b) | |
| Various | 2.1% (14/651) | China | Liao et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 12.2% (32/262) | China | Wang et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.2% (7/604) | China | Cao et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.1% (14/448) | China | Sui et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.0% (1/105) | China | Wu et al. (2022) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.0% (3/100) | Columbia | Hernandez et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.4% (2/58) | Costa Rica | Scorza et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 18.2% (2/11) | Côte dʼIvoire | Berrilli et al. (2012) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic & kennel dogs | 36.9% (27/73) | Croatia | Beck et al. (2012) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 59.2% (32/54) | Czech Republic | Lecová et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 4.1% (68/1645) | Eastern European countries | Sommer et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.4% (4/986) | Egypt | Abdelaziz and Sorour (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (3/218) | Egypt | Elmahallawy et al. (2023) | |
| Stray & domestic dogs | 1.6% (5/300) | Egypt | Khalifa et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 35.8% (215/600) | Europe | Sprong et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.6% (4/150) | Finland | Rimhanen-Finne et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive dogs | 23.1% (9/39) | France | Kaufmann et al. (2022) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 54.3% (50/92) | Germany | Barutzki et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 3.6% (2/55) | Germany | Leonhard et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 56.1% (69/123) | Germany | Pallant et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 12.5% (47/376) | Germany | Sommer et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 6.5% (2/31) | Germany | Rehbein et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.4% (40/386) | Germany | Murnik et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 2.7% (22/807) | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 6.5% (15/229) | Hungary | Szénási et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.3% (7/212) | India | Utaaker et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.6% (2/315) | Iran | Homayouni et al. (2019) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 5.8% (1/17) | Italy | Berrilli et al. (2004) | |
| Domestic & kennel dogs | 10.4% (25/240) | Italy | Paoletti et al. (2008) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.2% (4/127) | Italy | Scaramozzino et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.5% (23/655) | Italy | Pipia et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.0% (5/253) | Italy | Zanzani et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.4% (2/502) | Italy | Paoletti et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.2% (29/285) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (11/705) | Italy | Simonato et al. (2017) | |
| Stray dogs | 7.2% (19/262) | Italy | Liberato et al. (2018) | |
| Dogs with primary chronic enteropathy | 10.6% (5/47) | Italy | Perrucci et al. (2020) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 100% (6/6) | Italy | Ciuca et al. (2021) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 100% (4/4) | Japan | Abe et al. (2003) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 28.6% (6/21) | Japan | Itagaki et al. (2005) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.6% (2/77) | Japan | Yoshiuchi et al. (2010) | |
| Pet shop puppies | 1.1% (20/1794) | Japan | Itoh et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (9/640) | Korea | Kim et al. (2019) | |
| Various | 25.9% (49/189) | Netherlands | Uiterwijk et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.0% (5/100) | Nicaragua | Lebbad et al. (2008) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.2% (3/58) | Nicaragua | Roegner et al. (2019) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.3% (32/605) | Peru | Cooper et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 0.7% (1/148) | Poland | Solarczyk and Majewska (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (2/128) | Poland | Piekarska et al. (2016) | |
| Household & kennel dogs | 9.5% (12/126) | Portugal | Ferreira et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 13.7% (11/80) | Portugal | Pereira et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 27.6% (29/39) | Romania | Adriana et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.7% (13/348) | Spain | Adell-Aledon et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.6% (4/252) | Spain | Mateo et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 50.0% (14/28) | Sweden | Lebbad et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 7.1% (3/42) | Taiwan | Liang et al. (2012) | |
| Stray dogs | 3.4% (4/118) | Taiwan | Tseng et al. (2014) | |
| Temple dogs | 1.3% (3/229) | Thailand | Inpankaew et al. (2007) | |
| Temple dogs | 5.7% (13/229) | Thailand | Traub et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 11.0% (12/109) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 6.0% (18/301) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2020) | |
| Monastery dogs | 1.3% (7/540) | Thailand | Khine et al. (2021) | |
| Stray dogs | 20.2% (21/104) | Trinidad and Tobago | Mark-Carew et al. (2013) | |
| Giardia-positive shelter dogs | 70.7% (29/41) | UK | Upjohn et al. (2010) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 22.2% (2/9) | Unknown | Read et al. (2004) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 66.6% (2/3) | USA | Miska et al. (2009) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 16.4% (21/128) | USA | Covacin et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.5% (2/129) | USA | Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (1/120) | USA | Munoz and Mayer (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.8% (10/209) | Vietnam | Nguyen et al. (2018) | |
| Mixed C& D | Domestic dogs | 2.7% (1/36) | Argentina | Kuthyar et al. (2021) |
| Shelter & domestic dogs | 0.1% (2/1400) | Australia | Palmer et al. (2008a, b) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | 0.5% (1/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| Domestic & stray dogs | 8.5% (80/940) | China | Qi et al. (2016) | |
| Wide range | 0.8% (5/601) | China | Li et al. (2019b) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.1% (5/448) | China | Sui et al. (2022) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 1.8% (1/54) | Czech Republic | Lecová et al. (2020) | |
| Giardia-positive dogs | 2.6% (1/39) | France | Kaufmann et al. (2022) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 8.7% (8/92) | Germany | Barutzki et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 3.1% (12/386)b | Germany | Murnik et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic & shelter dogs | 1.9% (15/807) | Greece | Kostopoulou et al. (2017) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.4% (1/229) | Hungary | Szénási et al. (2007) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 5.8% (1/17) | Italy | Berrilli et al. (2004) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.6% (3/502) | Italy | Paoletti et al. (2015) | |
| Various | 7.4% (14/189) | Netherlands | Uiterwijk et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic dogs | 1.0% (1/100) | Nicaragua | Lebbad et al. (2008) | |
| Domestic dogs | 4.3% (26/605) | Peru | Cooper et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (1/128) | Poland | Piekarska et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 5.0% (4/80) | Portugal | Pereira et al. (2021) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.6% (1/39) | Romania | Adriana et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.4% (1/252) | Spain | Mateo et al. (2023) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 17.8% (5/28) | Sweden | Lebbad et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.9% (1/109) | Thailand | Tangtrongsup et al. (2017) | |
| Giardia-positive shelter dogs | 2.4% (1/41) | UK | Upjohn et al. (2010) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.8% (1/129) | USA | Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Shelter dogs | 24.4% (164/672) | USA | Johansen et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.3% (7/300) | USA | Hascall et al. (2016) | |
| Domestic dogs | 10.7% (9/84) | USA | Scorza and Lappin (2017) | |
| Assemblage E | Wild dogs | 4.5% (2/44) | Australia | Ng et al. (2011) |
| Domestic dogs | 1.4% (2/143) | Brazil | Harvey et al. (2023) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | 0.5% (1/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| Various | 0.3% (1/294) | Canada | Julien et al. (2019) | |
| Wide range | 1.9% (5/267) | China | Li et al. (2015) | |
| Giardia-positive dog samples | 0.8% (5/600) | Europe | Sprong et al. (2009) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.6% (1/150) | Finland | Rimhanen-Finne et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (2/376) | Germany | Sommer et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (1/212) | India | Utaaker et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 2.6% (1/39) | Romania | Adriana et al. (2016) | |
| Stray dogs | 1.0% (1/104) | Trinidad and Tobago | Mark-Carew et al. (2013) | |
| Assemblage F | Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 16.6% (2/12) | Brazil | Silva et al. (2022) |
| Dogs with diarrhoea | 0.2% (1/485) | China | Yu et al. (2018) | |
| Various | 0.1% (1/651) | China | Liao et al. (2020) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | 4.9% (6/123) | Germany | Pallant et al. (2015) | |
| Domestic dogs | 0.5% (2/376) | Germany | Sommer et al. (2018) | |
| Domestic dogs | 15.4% (8/52) | UK | Krumrie et al. (2022) | |
| Other mixtures | Domestic dogs | C + A (1/36) | Argentina | Kuthyar et al. (2021) |
| Wild dogs | A + E (3/44) | Australia | Ng et al. (2011) | |
| Domestic dogs | A + C (1/147) | Brazil | Paim Arruda Trevisan et al. (2020) | |
| Domestic, shelter & pet shop dogs | A + C (1/209) | Canada | Uehlinger et al. (2013) | |
| B + D (1/209) | ||||
| D + E (1/209) | ||||
| Domestic dogs | 5.1% (11/216)b | China | Zheng et al. (2014) | |
| Domestic dogs | A + B (4/105) | China | Wu et al. (2022) | |
| A + D (1/105) | ||||
| A + B + D (2/105) | ||||
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | A + D (1/92) | Germany | Barutzki et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | A + B (1/31) | Germany | Rehbein et al. (2019) | |
| Giardia-positive domestic dogs | A + C (2/17) | Italy | Berrilli et al. (2004) | |
| Temple dogs | A + B (3/229) A + D (1/229) | Thailand | Inpankaew et al. (2007) | |
| Domestic dogs | A + B (38/473) | Turkey | Gultekin et al. (2017) | |
a
Also contained mixtures with C and D.
b
Various mixtures.