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(a) LPME in a 96-well format. Extraction is facilitated by a pH gradient. The uncharged analytes (gray circles in the sample and supported liquid membrane) in an aqueous sample are extracted across an organic liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor where the analyte is ionized (green circles in the acceptor). (b) EME in a 96-well format. Extraction of the charged analyte is facilitated by an electric field.
