Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Intervention group (n=533) |
Control group (n=528) |
|
| Age, years | 59.5 (8.2) | 59.3 (8.3) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 246 (46.2) | 257 (48.7) |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||
| Current smoker | 64 (12.0) | 63 (11.9) |
| Ex-smoker | 77 (14.4) | 67 (12.7) |
| Non-smoker | 392 (73.5) | 398 (75.4) |
| Alcohol, n (%) | ||
| Current drinker | 91 (17.1) | 94 (17.8) |
| Ex-drinker | 32 (6.0) | 27 (5.1) |
| Non-drinker | 410 (76.9) | 407 (77.1) |
| Setting, n (%) | ||
| General medical clinic | 367 (68.9) | 362 (68.6) |
| Diabetes clinic | 166 (31.1) | 166 (31.4) |
| Country/region, n (%) | ||
| Hong Kong, China | 468 (87.8) | 465 (88.1) |
| Malaysia | 65 (12.2) | 63 (11.9) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.4 (4.8) | 26.7 (5.2) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94 (12) | 95 (13) |
| Laboratory parameters | ||
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 80 (63–99) | 80 (63–98) |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73 m2* | 79 (24) | 80 (23) |
| Albumin, g/L | 39 (4) | 39 (4) |
| Bilirubin, μmol/L | 10 (7–13) | 9 (7–12) |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 24 (18–34) | 22 (17–31) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 24 (19–29) | 22 (19–27) |
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, U/L | 28 (20–44) | 27 (19–39) |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 7.4 (2.4) | 7.4 (2.7) |
| Haemoglobin A1c, % | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.3) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.1 (1.0) |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.8) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) |
| Platelet count, ×109 /L | 248 (69) | 258 (67) |
| Positive hepatitis B surface antigen, n (%) | 24 (4.5) | 20 (3.8) |
| Positive antihepatitis C virus antibody, n (%) | 0 | 0 |
| Fibrosis-4 index | 1.22 (0.89–1.61) | 1.13 (0.85–1.45) |
| ≥1.3 in patients <65 years and ≥2.0 in patients ≥65 years, n (%) | 159 (29.8) | 126 (23.9) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index | 0.25 (0.19–0.35) | 0.23 (0.17–0.30) |
| >0.5, n (%) | 60 (11.3) | 17 (3.2) |
| Increased Fibrosis-4 index or aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, n (%) | 165 (31.0) | 131 (24.8) |
| Treatment for diabetes, n (%) | ||
| Metformin | 508 (95.3) | 503 (95.3) |
| Sulphonylurea | 327 (61.4) | 322 (61.0) |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 310 (58.2) | 300 (56.8) |
| Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor | 231 (43.3) | 235 (44.5) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 88 (16.5) | 84 (15.9) |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist | 24 (4.5) | 29 (5.5) |
| Insulin | 277 (52.0) | 249 (47.2) |
Data are mean (SD), median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) or number (%).
*Calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.